tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21391513009770041802024-03-04T23:36:05.406-08:00Famous Blog PostsFamous Blog Posts Collection Among Best Websites in Techno EntrepreneurshipsPurbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.comBlogger341125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-63833791836710900552023-03-29T00:18:00.004-07:002023-03-29T00:18:38.437-07:00Priyanka Chopra gets trolled for her ‘not getting cast in Bollywood’ statement; <div>Priyanka Chopra has been getting trolled by a section of netizens for saying that she left Bollywood because she was not getting cast. A Twitter user wrote, ‘Last time she said comfortable is boring so she decided to go to hollywood now this? </div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjizq_loCm6vq17Guquz3hfm2d5SREWCOXaKxYgTlkfepxQ5gK2KXCid1e_6IFY36HiWqf5ClYkKRjEJ-GDUF1GcCkHveoNIJh36x2awMHI_qUmOcjueDS0xOfL76ZJ3EeJ1juO_XKacd0WlLh1g5YStZeMwPAHLb0F1qnW5hIsUANPowLnPfXlQDvq_w" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="960" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjizq_loCm6vq17Guquz3hfm2d5SREWCOXaKxYgTlkfepxQ5gK2KXCid1e_6IFY36HiWqf5ClYkKRjEJ-GDUF1GcCkHveoNIJh36x2awMHI_qUmOcjueDS0xOfL76ZJ3EeJ1juO_XKacd0WlLh1g5YStZeMwPAHLb0F1qnW5hIsUANPowLnPfXlQDvq_w=w427-h640" width="427" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>What she trying to say exactly?’, while another one wrote, ‘and the victim card is out once again. Priyanka Chopra signed Quantico in 2014, she did gunday with yrf in 2014. DDD (Dil Dhadakne Do) and Bajirao Mastani in 2015…’ To give a little background, Priyanka in a recent podcast said ‘I was being pushed into a corner in the (Hindi film) industry. I had people not casting me for reasons, I had beef with people, I am not good at playing that game so I kind of was tired of the politics and I said I needed a break.’For more news and updates, stay tuned to ETimes.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>
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Ethereum (ETH)</div><div><br /></div><div>Ethereum is a cryptocurrency and blockchain platform popular with programmers because of its many features, such as smart contracts that run automatically when certain conditions are met and non-fungible tokens that can’t be exchanged for cash (NFTs). On top of that, Ethereum has grown a lot. Between April 2016 and the starting of June 2022, its price went from about $11 to over $1,800, a rise of over 16,300%.</div><div><br /></div><div>Binance Coin (BNB)</div><div><br /></div><div>Binance, one of the largest cryptocurrency markets in the world, lets you trade and pay fees with a cryptocurrency called Binance Coin (BNB). Since it was first introduced in 2017, Binance Coin has become more than a way to trade on Binance’s exchange platform.</div><div><br /></div><div>It can now be used to process payments, trade goods, and even plan a vacation. It can be exchanged or swapped for another cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. In 2017, the cost of BNB was $0.10. By early June 2022, its price had increased almost 300,000 to about $300.</div><div><br /></div><div>Bitcoins (BTC)</div><div><br /></div><div>Satoshi Nakamoto made the initial cryptocurrency, Bitcoin (BTC). Like most other cryptocurrencies, BTC runs on a blockchain, a ledger that keeps track of transactions and shares across a network of thousands of servers. Updated distributed ledgers must be validated by solving a cryptographic puzzle as proof of work. </div><div><br /></div><div>This keeps Bitcoin safe and keeps scammers away. As more and more people use Bitcoin, its value has gone up. In May 2016, a single Bitcoin was worth about $500. On June 1, 2022, buying one Bitcoin cost about $29,700. That’s a rise of more than 5,800 times.</div><div><br /></div><div>Tether (USDT)</div><div><br /></div><div>Tether (USDT) is a stablecoin, which means it is backed by fiat currencies like U.S. dollars and euros, and, unlike some other types of cryptocurrencies, its price is supposed to stay the same as one of those currencies. So, buyers worried about how much the value of different coins changes choose Tether because its value is expected to be more stable than other coins.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dogecoin (DOGE)</div><div><br /></div><div>Dogecoin is famous for being made a joke in 2013. A passionate community and funny memes quickly helped it become a popular cryptocurrency. There is no restriction to how numerous Dogecoins can be made. Unlike many other digital currencies, the value of this one could fall as the number of units available increases. Dogecoin cost $0.0002 in 2017. By June 1, 2022, its price was $0.08, a massive expansion of over 40,000%.</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S. Dollar Coin (USDC)</div><div><br /></div><div>Like Tether, USD Coin (USDC) is a stablecoin that aims for a 1:1 ratio between U.S. dollars and its currency. Ethereum powers USDC, and you can use USD Coin to make cross-border transactions.</div><div><br /></div><div>XRP (XRP)</div><div><br /></div><div>XRP is a digital currency used on a network to trade many different types of money. It has both traditional currencies and other essential cryptocurrencies. Some of the same people started Ripple, a company that handles payments and makes digital technology. At the beginning of 2017, XRP was worth $0.006. On June 1, 2022, it was worth $0.40, a rise of more than 6,400%.</div><div><br /></div><div>Binance USD (BUSD)</div><div><br /></div><div>Binance and Paxos created the stablecoin called Binance USD (BUSD) to give people a cryptocurrency backed by the dollar. Paxos has enough U.S. dollars to pay for all of the BUSD in circulation and keep this value. Like stable coins, BUSD lets traders and users trade with other crypto assets while reducing the risk of price fluctuations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Solana (SOL)</div><div><br /></div><div>Solana is a platform that supports smart contracts, decentralized apps, and decentralized finance (Defi). It uses a unique method that is a mix of proof-of-history and proof-of-stake to handle transactions quickly and safely. The native token of Solana, SOL, is used to run the platform. When SOL first came out in 2020, it cost $0.77. By the beginning of June 2022, the price had gone up to about $40.58, which was a gain of more than 5,100%.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cardano (ADA)</div><div><br /></div><div>Cardano (ADA), who joined the crypto world a little later, is known for using proof-of-stake verification from the start. By getting rid of the competition, which is the problem-solving part of transaction validation in systems like Bitcoin, this method uses less energy, speeds up transactions, and doesn’t hurt the environment too much.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cardano works like Ethereum in that its native token, ADA, powers intelligent contracts, and applications that don’t need a central server. Compared to other essential crypto coins, the Cardano ADA token isn’t changing as much as other currencies. In 2017, the cost of ADA is $0.02. As of June 1, 2022, it cost $0.55. That’s an increase of 2,650%.</div>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-13309032982331574822023-03-29T00:05:00.004-07:002023-03-29T00:05:29.372-07:00Priyanka Chopra made the revelation to Dax Shepard on the podcast Armchair Expert<p> New Delhi: </p><p><br /></p><p>Priyanka Chopra has been making headlines for her powerful revelations on the latest episode of the Armchair Expert podcast. In a detailed chat with actor-filmmaker Dax Shepard, the actress shared details about her life, career, and choices – both personal and professional. While speaking about her early career in Bollywood, Priyanka Chopra touched upon how “colourism was normalised” in the industry and how it impacted some of her professional endeavours. In particular, the star spoke about her appearance in advertisements for fairness creams and shared that her skin tone had been lightened in several movies. Priyanka Chopra also went on to describe the advertisements that promised young girls a bright future only if they had lighter skin tone as extremely “damaging.” </p><p>Sharing her experience, Priyanka Chopra said: “I remember when I joined movies, I was considered dusky, written as the dusky actress and I was like ‘What is dusky? What does it mean?'. Yet, I did a commercial because you are doing a beauty brand. A beauty brand is a really big part of an actress' trajectory. And all the beauty brands were selling those creams,” referring to fairness creams.</p><p><br /></p><p>Speaking about the impact of such advertisements, Priyanka Chopra added, “The commercial was so damaging. I am a darker-skinned girl and this guy comes in and I'm selling flowers and he comes in and he doesn't even look at me. I start using this cream and I get a job, I get the guy, all my dreams come true and it was like the mid-2000s.”</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Priyanka Chopra explained that when she joined films, actresses with lighter skin tone had an advantage. “When I joined the movie business, if you were fair you were guaranteed some form of success or casting but if you were darker, I'm not even that dark, for darker girls it was, ‘let's lighten you up,'” she shared. In particular, she recalled an incident where she was required to play a woman whose skin was “fair as milk”. “I was lightened up in many movies. Through make-up and then blasting lighting. There was a song which I still remember. It was called Chitti Dudh Kudi which means a girl who is as white as milk and I ain't that but I was playing her and I was really lightened up in the movie,” she said about the song from the film Kismat starring the actress alongside Bobby Deol.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOIibq8_ZMxI6BHDWuMY0cb6yzs3skylYZz6v9x3RO3fVQM4Li-BFNKx0GHCr6aRwdp0MLGpjw1-CZsAE5Z7gQUh3THwRvHAjFA-6kCiBcZyjBzL9qI3hxCUJC84ZeqbQzhMihjJmWvdEQSZKrA9x_y605woUxhMUwkx6l5DzuMoY93UywpMh6_F45lw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1200" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOIibq8_ZMxI6BHDWuMY0cb6yzs3skylYZz6v9x3RO3fVQM4Li-BFNKx0GHCr6aRwdp0MLGpjw1-CZsAE5Z7gQUh3THwRvHAjFA-6kCiBcZyjBzL9qI3hxCUJC84ZeqbQzhMihjJmWvdEQSZKrA9x_y605woUxhMUwkx6l5DzuMoY93UywpMh6_F45lw=w477-h269" width="477" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Here are a few images of Priyanka Chopra from the recording session of the podcast, shared on the official Instagram handle of Armchair Expert.</p><p><br /></p><p>In the same interview, Priyanka Chopra also revealed the reason behind her deciding to concentrate on her career in Hollywood over Bollywood. The actress said that she was “being pushed into a corner in the industry (Bollywood).” She added, “I had people not casting me, I had beef with people, I am not good at playing that game so I kind of was tired of the politics and I said I needed a break.”</p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-57168296080306259942023-03-28T23:59:00.000-07:002023-03-28T23:59:00.695-07:00Priyanka Chopra Reveals Why She Left Bollywood<p> Priyanka Chopra is one of the biggest names in Indian cinema to have made a successful crossover to Hollywood. After impressing fans and critics alike with her inspired performances in Hindi films, the actress made her debut in the music industry in Hollywood with her 2012 single In My City. While many assumed that scaling Hollywood was the natural progression for Priyanka Chopra after ruling Bollywood, in a new podcast the actress has revealed that she shifted her base and career to the US because was tired of the politics in the Hindi film industry and had “beef with people”.</p><p> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSzg0aoE6RoRLyTlE3ZdVhetAFtXIRlxdnQ_TS8atc532X86-GZmEC3Qk7TCbpY7_HDGSMlaEBFkIGlFy2vqGCFECK7ehfvCxHZOIQiuYYWiH9fUjBH7O5DoHF3xo4aNqdIOJihWU-MvMqm58tvUu1RxSUpOfYY1FCCIMqbvzefr-_CdsSQIddKUVKnw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1200" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSzg0aoE6RoRLyTlE3ZdVhetAFtXIRlxdnQ_TS8atc532X86-GZmEC3Qk7TCbpY7_HDGSMlaEBFkIGlFy2vqGCFECK7ehfvCxHZOIQiuYYWiH9fUjBH7O5DoHF3xo4aNqdIOJihWU-MvMqm58tvUu1RxSUpOfYY1FCCIMqbvzefr-_CdsSQIddKUVKnw" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p>Speaking to Dax Shepard on the podcast Armchair Expert, Priyanka Chopra said that she was sharing the reason behind her deciding to work in the US for the very first time. During the course of the podcast, Dax Shepard asked: “So how do you decide you want to even put yourself through that? Why'd you decide to put yourself through that and then what was it?” To this, Priyanka said, “I've never said this so I'm going to say it because you'll make me feel safe.”</p><p><br /></p><p>Speaking about the circumstances around her move to Hollywood, she revealed: “I was being pushed into a corner in the industry (Bollywood). I had people not casting me, I had beef with people, I am not good at playing that game so I kind of was tired of the politics and I said I needed a break."</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The actress explained that during this phase, Anjula Acharia of Desi Hits – who is currently Priyanka Chopra's manager – saw her in a video and contacted her. At this point, Priyanka Chopra was shooting for Vishal Bharadwaj's Saat Khoon Maaf. Explaining that she had heard Priyanka Chopra's demo, Anjali asked if the actress would be interested in a music career in the US. The actress said that the offer came at a time when she was looking for options outside Bollywood.</p><p><br /></p><p>She added, “This music thing gave me an opportunity to go into another part of the world, not crave for the movies I didn't want to get but I would require to schmooze certain clubs and cliques of people. It would require grovelling and I had worked a long time by then that I didn't feel like I wanted to do it.”</p><p>“So, when this music thing came, I was like ‘f*** it, I am going to America',” Priyanka Chopra confessed candidly. </p><p><br /></p><p>The official Instagram page of Armchair Expert Podcast shared some behind-the-scenes images of Dax Shepard and Priyanka Chopra from the session. The caption says, “Starting off this week with a banger — Priyanka Chopra joins us today. Super smart, spunky as hell…we loved our time with Priyanka Chopra.”</p><p>As we know now, Priyanka Chopra's move to Hollywood was not confined to just the music industry. The actress cemented her place with her ABC series Quantico, and with the show become the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series. </p><p><br /></p><p>The actress followed this up with a mix of Bollywood and Hollywood projects such as Bajirao Mastani, The White Tiger, The Sky Is Pink, Baywatch, and The Matrix Resurrections, among others. Priyanka Chopra will be seen next in the film Love Again and the web series Citadel. In Bollywood, she will be seen in Jee Le Zaraa.</p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-10169249615312870502022-08-25T11:07:00.005-07:002022-08-25T11:07:36.741-07:00Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years<p> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Happy birthday Saira Banu: Saira Banu made her debut opposite Shammi Kapoor in the film Junglee in 1961. The veteran actor, and the wife of the late Dilip Kumar, celebrates her 78th birthday on August 23. Here’s a look back at Saira and Dilip’s love story</span></p><div class="photoGallery" data-htloaded="true" data-title="Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years" data-url="/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html" id="101661241074822-gid-1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 15px 0px 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;"><h4 class="hdg4" id="item2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><br /></h4><h4 class="hdg4" id="item2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><br /></h4><h4 class="hdg4" id="item2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><br /></h4><h4 class="hdg4" id="item2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar make one of Bollywood's most iconic couples. Smitten by Dilip saab, Saira was head-over-heels in love with him from a young age.</h4></div><div class="photoGallery" data-htloaded="true" data-title="Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years" data-url="/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html" id="101661241300957-gid-2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 15px 0px 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;"><div class="photoCounter" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); border-radius: 3px; color: white; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Lato-Black, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900; height: 22px; left: 10px; line-height: 22px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 5px; position: absolute; top: 10px; z-index: 1;"><span class="swiper-pagination-current" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">2</span>/<span class="swiper-pagination-total" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">6</span></div><figure style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 298.125px; position: relative;"><img alt="Saira Banu and the late Dilip Kumar, whose real name was Yusuf Khan, married on October 11, 1966. Saira was 22, while Dilip was 44-years-old then." class="lazy" data-loaded="true" data-src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/83acbec6-df1e-11eb-ab2f-effefc8ce6e6_1625663190173_1661241300279_1661241321385_1661241321385.jpg" src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/83acbec6-df1e-11eb-ab2f-effefc8ce6e6_1625663190173_1661241300279_1661241321385_1661241321385.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-radius: 4px; display: block; height: 298.125px; left: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 530px;" /></figure><div class="flexElement" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="dateTime" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Published on Aug 23, 2022 01:49 PM IST</div><div class="shareArticle" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: center; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="shareIcons" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="fb" data-id="Share, 1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a><a class="tw" data-id="Share, 2" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=twitter%0avia%20@htshowbiz&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site&title=Saira%20Banu%20and%20Dilip%20Kumar%E2%80%99s%20love%20story%20is%20one%20for%20the%20books.%20See%20their%20pictures%20over%20the%20years" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div></div></div><h4 class="hdg4" id="item3" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Saira Banu and the late Dilip Kumar, whose real name was Yusuf Khan, married on October 11, 1966. Saira was 22, while Dilip was 44-years-old then.</h4></div><div class="photoGallery" data-htloaded="true" data-title="Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years" data-url="/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html" id="101661241452727-gid-3" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 15px 0px 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;"><div class="photoCounter" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); border-radius: 3px; color: white; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Lato-Black, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900; height: 22px; left: 10px; line-height: 22px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 5px; position: absolute; top: 10px; z-index: 1;"><span class="swiper-pagination-current" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">3</span>/<span class="swiper-pagination-total" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">6</span></div><figure style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 298.125px; position: relative;"><img alt="Saira and Dilip had an age gap of 22 years, When Dilip’s super hit film, Mughal-e-Azam premiered at Mumbai’s Maratha Mandir in 1960, Saira, was just 16.&nbsp;" class="lazy" data-loaded="true" data-src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/P51D012K_1625684340994_1661241451909_1661241475621_1661241475621.jpg" src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/P51D012K_1625684340994_1661241451909_1661241475621_1661241475621.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-radius: 4px; display: block; height: 298.125px; left: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 530px;" /></figure><div class="flexElement" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="dateTime" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Published on Aug 23, 2022 01:49 PM IST</div><div class="shareArticle" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: center; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="shareIcons" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="fb" data-id="Share, 1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a><a class="tw" data-id="Share, 2" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=twitter%0avia%20@htshowbiz&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site&title=Saira%20Banu%20and%20Dilip%20Kumar%E2%80%99s%20love%20story%20is%20one%20for%20the%20books.%20See%20their%20pictures%20over%20the%20years" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div></div></div><h4 class="hdg4" id="item4" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">Saira and Dilip had an age gap of 22 years, When Dilip’s super hit film, Mughal-e-Azam premiered at Mumbai’s Maratha Mandir in 1960, Saira, was just 16. </h4><div><figure style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 298.125px; position: relative;"><img alt="From Saira Banu taking care of her husband to Dlip Kumar showing his love for her, the two have always been each other’s better-half." class="lazy" data-loaded="true" data-src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/saira_banu_birthday_1661241656626_1661241676114_1661241676114.jpg" src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/saira_banu_birthday_1661241656626_1661241676114_1661241676114.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-radius: 4px; display: block; height: 298.125px; left: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 530px;" /></figure><div class="flexElement" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; background-color: white; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 16px; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="dateTime" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Published on Aug 23, 2022 01:49 PM IST</div><div class="shareArticle" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: center; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="shareIcons" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="fb" data-id="Share, 1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a><a class="tw" data-id="Share, 2" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=twitter%0avia%20@htshowbiz&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site&title=Saira%20Banu%20and%20Dilip%20Kumar%E2%80%99s%20love%20story%20is%20one%20for%20the%20books.%20See%20their%20pictures%20over%20the%20years" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div></div></div><h4 class="hdg4" id="item5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">From Saira Banu taking care of her husband to Dlip Kumar showing his love for her, the two have always been each other’s better-half.</h4></div><div><div class="photoGallery" data-htloaded="true" data-title="Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years" data-url="/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html" id="101661241923665-gid-5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 15px 0px 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;"><div class="flexElement" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="dateTime" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Published on Aug 23, 2022 01:49 PM IST</div><div class="shareArticle" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: center; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="shareIcons" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="fb" data-id="Share, 1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a><a class="tw" data-id="Share, 2" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=twitter%0avia%20@htshowbiz&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site&title=Saira%20Banu%20and%20Dilip%20Kumar%E2%80%99s%20love%20story%20is%20one%20for%20the%20books.%20See%20their%20pictures%20over%20the%20years" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div></div></div><h4 class="hdg4" id="item6" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">In an old interview, Saira Banu had talked about her undying love for him and had said, “I am still head over heels in love with my Kohinoor, Yusuf Sahab (Dilip Kumar), the way I was when I first felt attracted to him as a 12-year-old…"</h4></div><div class="photoGallery" data-htloaded="true" data-title="Saira Banu and Dilip Kumar’s love story is one for the books. See their pictures over the years" data-url="/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html" id="101661242315688-gid-6" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 24px; list-style-type: none; margin: 15px 0px 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 15px; position: relative;"><div class="photoCounter" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); border-radius: 3px; color: white; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Lato-Black, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900; height: 22px; left: 10px; line-height: 22px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 5px; position: absolute; top: 10px; z-index: 1;"><span class="swiper-pagination-current" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">6</span>/<span class="swiper-pagination-total" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">6</span></div><figure style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 298.125px; position: relative;"><img alt="On the first anniversary of her late husband's death, Saira Banu paid tribute to Dilip Kumar. She wrote in a piece for ETimes, “…I must admit that I consider myself very fortunate that I had my Yousuf with me for 56 years and more...'Dilip Kumar died at a Mumbai hospital in 2021 after prolonged illness. He was 98.&nbsp;" class="lazy" data-loaded="true" data-src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/dilip_kumar_1661242314929_1661242340667_1661242340667.jpg" src="https://images.hindustantimes.com/img/2022/08/23/550x309/dilip_kumar_1661242314929_1661242340667_1661242340667.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-radius: 4px; display: block; height: 298.125px; left: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 530px;" /></figure><div class="flexElement" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="dateTime" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #757575; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Published on Aug 23, 2022 01:49 PM IST</div><div class="shareArticle" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: center; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><div class="shareIcons" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); align-items: center; display: -webkit-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a class="fb" data-id="Share, 1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook"></a><a class="tw" data-id="Share, 2" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/saira-banu-and-dilip-kumar-s-love-story-is-one-for-the-books-see-pics-101661240998968.html?utm_source=twitter%0avia%20@htshowbiz&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site&title=Saira%20Banu%20and%20Dilip%20Kumar%E2%80%99s%20love%20story%20is%20one%20for%20the%20books.%20See%20their%20pictures%20over%20the%20years" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #00b1cd; height: 23px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 12px 0px 12px 12px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 23px;" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter"></a></div></div></div><h4 class="hdg4" id="item7" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #333333; font-family: Lato-Bold, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">On the first anniversary of her late husband's death, Saira Banu paid tribute to Dilip Kumar. She wrote in a piece for ETimes, “…I must admit that I consider myself very fortunate that I had my Yousuf with me for 56 years and more...'Dilip Kumar died at a Mumbai hospital in 2021 after prolonged illness. He was 98. </h4></div></div></div>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-70268758959956792542022-08-25T11:02:00.007-07:002022-08-25T11:02:49.549-07:00RIP Sawan Kumar Tak: Padmini Kolhapure recalls working with her ‘Sawan uncle’ and then ‘Sawan ji’<p> Sawan Kumar Tak, who directed films such as Saajan Bina Suhagan (1978), Souten Ki Beti (1989), Sanam Bewafa (1991), and Bewaffa Se Waffa (1992) and his most successful film Souten (1983), died on Thursday due to prolonged illness.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiubBT5qJqLJOM89LYbtFdcVpO5EL4otQ-3wpVWikiKrtyQLqesNbQS4LlAlCuypyV02r7SF0hnDbEEa4SGUlJX8rISMaxME5wkZ5JGib9pUM4VQzajZ7qetPXfubt3e8AYoceu8Lwoz7fvtCtxqXcmHUYS2d2upUf94O7s-brNJhQDTtlMwH13j7uidQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="550" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiubBT5qJqLJOM89LYbtFdcVpO5EL4otQ-3wpVWikiKrtyQLqesNbQS4LlAlCuypyV02r7SF0hnDbEEa4SGUlJX8rISMaxME5wkZ5JGib9pUM4VQzajZ7qetPXfubt3e8AYoceu8Lwoz7fvtCtxqXcmHUYS2d2upUf94O7s-brNJhQDTtlMwH13j7uidQ=w616-h346" width="616" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Leaving behind a leacy which involved giving late actor Sanjeev Kumar his screen name, directing Meena Kumari’s last film, penning lyrics of songs such as Chand Sitaare in Kaho Naa.. Pyaar Hai, and directing hits as well, his actors recall him fondly.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIHrFmCsrEoH49nLLTgOFwdfrv6L3Y_DFkNE2dokbQJA5y2kTz3lEJHz0JIddt6BLLLVDuZMf2Trfwjutvu4jZK6_kLevvqPUgQlgBJ-StuCLzlYfsngZdc6e-k8TwEuCCkyuobULWvGgO_ajwCsRWuuC3x7GhYM5tteSLrdY8dk0FjcskqvQse7hUmQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIHrFmCsrEoH49nLLTgOFwdfrv6L3Y_DFkNE2dokbQJA5y2kTz3lEJHz0JIddt6BLLLVDuZMf2Trfwjutvu4jZK6_kLevvqPUgQlgBJ-StuCLzlYfsngZdc6e-k8TwEuCCkyuobULWvGgO_ajwCsRWuuC3x7GhYM5tteSLrdY8dk0FjcskqvQse7hUmQ=w546-h307" width="546" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Padmini Kohlapure, who worked with him first as a young child in Saajan Bina Suhagan, and then later, Souten, still remembers it all. “I remember such great things about working with him. I got such a pivotal role in Saajan... I clearly remember his direction during that period. Then we got along really well. I used to call him Sawan uncle because I was a kid back then. When I did Soutan, my next film with him, I was doing films as a leading lady. He said ‘khabardaar mujhe uncle bola toh!’ His songs, everything had the word Saawan in it. Then I started calling him Sawan ji,” she shares.</p><p><br /></p><p>Souten proved to be a big hit. Kohlapure adds that Tak was always very nice to her, and treated her like family. “He was so good to me, and literally brilliantly worked as a director, actor. Right now it struck me, we did a film called Preeti also. It starred me and Rajiv Kapoor, whose birth anniversary is also on August 25, and Sawan ji passed away on the same date. Life is unfortunate. I met him last around 2018-19, he didn’t even call me and came home. He treated my house as his second home, and felt free to come over,” she shares.</p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-26918538266427549112022-08-25T10:55:00.004-07:002022-08-25T10:55:44.975-07:00Marketing Efficiency: Concept, Types and Indicators in 2023<p> In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Concept of Marketing Efficiency 2. Types of Marketing Efficiency 3. Indicators.</p><p><br /></p><p>Concept of Marketing Efficiency:</p><p>The concept of marketing efficiency is so broad and dynamic that no single definition at present encompasses all of its theoretical and practical implications.</p><p><br /></p><p>Fred Waugh remarked that “an unsophisticated student might make two false assumptions, first, that is it easy to define and to measure the efficiency of agricultural marketing and, second, that almost everyone is in favour of efficiency.” Wells, confessing that he did not know precisely how to measure marketing efficiency, added “and I doubt whether our so-called efficiency experts know how.”</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>A simple textbook definition says “marketing efficiency is the maximization of input-output ratio.”</p><p><br /></p><p>The inputs of marketing are the various resources of land, labour, capital and management which are employed in performing the various marketing services. The output or marketing refer to the satisfactions derived from the consumption of those goods and services.</p><p><br /></p><p>The difficulties of employing an input-output ratio definition as a quantitative measure of marketing efficiency are obvious because of the intangible nature of marketing outputs. Most inputs of marketing are quantifiable in monetary units.</p><p><br /></p><p>A corresponding conversions of outputs is difficult and impracticable due to lack of constancy in the value of money and the subjectively of utility functions. By its nature its definition requires a standard of comparison, the choice of which is a critical factor indeed.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKZHHm2TpqS8VkxvSLOedASoN8SdaF8wIGxxjZsd1icgQtbak9cNdJrMHdz-XnVrrrVllVgLvW-RshI6L9HXkYVPm7qKbxKrwpm5Ry5T6IdYuXCaQcfRD49CqQKzwKCXasJ4OodHlGMBJA11D1CaxXavPfkjXTzj6zzi-36tBS0_obs6p4a4tu8p_-Q/s960/27540577_2042012569413119_6347868928279506418_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKZHHm2TpqS8VkxvSLOedASoN8SdaF8wIGxxjZsd1icgQtbak9cNdJrMHdz-XnVrrrVllVgLvW-RshI6L9HXkYVPm7qKbxKrwpm5Ry5T6IdYuXCaQcfRD49CqQKzwKCXasJ4OodHlGMBJA11D1CaxXavPfkjXTzj6zzi-36tBS0_obs6p4a4tu8p_-Q/s16000/27540577_2042012569413119_6347868928279506418_n.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The input-output definition is also subject to serious limitations due to the arbitrariness of the maximization ratio and the inability to specify the efficiency of any particular situation in the absence of any specified efficiency norms. Moreover, the definition has relevance only for static and micro aspects of marketing efficiency, while completely ignoring its dynamic and macro dimensions.</p><p><br /></p><p>Another fairly similar approach to the measurement of marketing efficiency has been put forth by shepherd in the following formula:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Apart from its ambiguity in the absence of some standard of comparison, the formula apparently suggests that any increase in the marketing cost or any decreases in the value of products would result in inefficiency.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Actually, an increase in marketing cost will sometimes represent services to the consumer of a kind not easily reflected in the from of “increased value of products marketed.”</p><p><br /></p><p>Similarly, a decrease in the value of product marketed may represent a decrease in consumer prices resulting simple from greater intensity of competition, of these situations suggests inefficiency in the marketing system. On the contrary, they usually lead toward greater efficiency.</p><p><br /></p><p>Therefore, both of the definitions stated above suffer from theoretical ambiguity and lack of practicality. A truly comprehensive view of the concept of marketing efficiency should not only encompass the micro and the static aspect, but also the macro and the dynamic dimensions.</p><p><br /></p><p>A third approach relates to the measurement of marketing efficiency through the analysis of the structure, conduct and performance of the market. This approach was developed in the United States as a way to analyse the market organization of the industrial sector; but it was later applied by the agricultural sector.</p><p><br /></p><p>Market structure as defined by Bain refers to the organizational characteristics of a market and, for practical purposes, to those characteristic. Which determine the relations of sellers in the market to each other, of buyers in the market to each other, of sellers to buyers, and of sellers established in the market to potential new firms which might enter it.</p><p><br /></p><p>Whereas market conduct refers to the patterns of behaviour that enterprises follow in adapting or adjusting to the markers in which they sell or buy, market performance implies the composite and results which firms in any market arrive at by pursuing whatever lines of conduct they espouse.</p><p><br /></p><p>In the developed countries it is easy to translate the structure conduct performance approach from the industrial to the agricultural sector. The agricultural product markets in these countries approximate those of industry in their levels of complexity, due to the advanced stage of economic development, application of modern technology, sophistication of consumer tastes, organizational and market innovations leading to enlarged size of firms, and sophisticated managerial control.</p><p><br /></p><p>However, the criteria evolved for analysis of the structure, conduct, and performance of agriculture marketing firms lose much of their relevance in the developing countries, where the farm product markets are in early stages of development, are technologically poor, involve fewer market services and are characterized by quantitatively biased consumer needs which can hardly be subjected to modern sophisticated tools of analysis.</p><p><br /></p><p>The structure conduct performance approach presents a unique set of tools of analysis for the assessment of a market situation. Analysis of structure, conduct, and performance is used as a basis for evaluating a market situation as adequate or inadequate depending upon whether or not it is in conformity with optimum social welfare.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The major weakness of this approach lies in the extent of differences in the goals of developed, and developing countries, due to major differences in their value systems. Similarly, differences in socio-economics institutional, and technological conditions may give misleading results if there is an effort to apply in developing countries a body of criteria evolved primarily for the analysis of market situations in developed countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Marketing Efficiency:</p><p>Marketing efficiency is usually segmented into two form, ‘technical efficiency’ and ‘economic efficiency’. As these concepts are frequently confused, it seems necessary to clarify the difference between them. Technical efficiency concerns the effectiveness or competent with which the physical aspects of marketing are performed. Economic efficiency requires the realization of maximum output in money terms or of a given output with minimum resources.</p><p><br /></p><p>In other words, to be technically efficiency, a marketing system would have to utilize with maximum effectiveness the best technology available for every marketing job, regardless of cost. For instance, air transport may be technically the most efficient method of transporting commodities, and mechanical grading may be technically a better method of grading agricultural produce than manual grading.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the other hand, to be economically efficient a marketing system would have to employ the methods of performing marketing jobs that were the most profitable. For example, in view of its high cost per unit of produce transported, air transport may be economically less efficient than railway. Due to the availability of cheaper labour, mechanical grading may not be profitable as manual grading.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The aim of overall marketing efficiency is to provide goods to consumer in the required from, at the required time and place, and with the lowest possible marketing costs consistent with the interests of the producer. The principal means of ensuring that lower costs and/or improved services resulting from efficient marketing are passed on to producer and\or to consumer is the pressure of competition.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is frequently argued that in the less developed economies, the large scale centralized and monopolistic marketing organization may, owing to its advantages of scale, be particularly conducive to efficient marketing. This argument does not, however, hold water for the following reasons.</p><p><br /></p><p>First, technology progress in most cases is extraneous to the physical scope of marketing. “Most of the innovations applied in agricultural marketing are neither complex nor dependent upon costly research or, when they are usually the work of firms not directly involved in agriculture marketing.”</p><p><br /></p><p>Second, in the less developed economies there is evidence that large monopolistic marketing organizations often are less economically efficient than their costs of operation might suggest.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Finally, these countries need to develop a class of entrepreneurs who will ultimately be capable of handling commercial organization that are technically and financially more complex than are at present managed by the indigenous population.</p><p><br /></p><p>A variety of agriculture marketing firms of differing size and complexity should provide opportunities for more people to get more varied kinds of entrepreneurial experience than would be possible if there were only a few large centralized organizations.</p><p><br /></p><p>These arguments imply that competitive marketing organizations may be more conductivity to marketing efficiency than monopolistic organizations are.</p><p><br /></p><p>Where the economics of large-scale distribution are so great that monopoly or oligopoly (or similar situations) become the logical alternative to a large number of competitive units, direct control of the marketing industry might be necessary. But such as intervention should be restricted to this type of case and governments should endeavour to retain the main elements of free competition in agricultural marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>Indicators of Marketing Efficiency:</p><p>Due to the non-availability of standard efficiency criteria, the following indicators are sometimes identified with marketing efficiency.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Marketing margins</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>2. Consumer price</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Availability of physical marketing facilities.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Market competition</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Market Margins:</p><p>In most cases, high marketing margins are regarded a s prima facie evidence of gross inefficiency in marketing, and the middlemen who are blamed for being either inefficient, too numerous, or too monopolistic, are most often regarded as the major case of high marketing margins. Whether high marketing margins, necessarily imply inefficiency in marketing must be analyzed in light of the following considerations.</p><p><br /></p><p>Firstly, marketing margins will appear high in relation to production costs of a commodity in any country or region in which those production costs are themselves quite low. The use of modern technology, which prodigiously lower costs of production, exhibits a magnifying effect on any given distributive margin.</p><p><br /></p><p>Secondly, the extreme geographic specialization of production (especially in the developed countries) has resulted in a considerable increase in the cost of providing the ‘lace utility of farm goods. This in turn has served to increase transport costs and, therefore, marketing margins. But this may imply that opportunity costs of production are so low in areas far from the market that the low costs of production more than offset the high costs of marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Thirdly, the increased amount of time utility embodied in food products (both perishable and non-perishable) has required extra storage and processing costs for their orderly marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>Fourthly, in all developed countries (and in a good number of developing countries, too) considerable changes have occurred with respect to farm utility of farm products.</p><p><br /></p><p>Consumers today are increasingly demanding that their food and agricultural non-food requirements be met in more and more finished form. This has tended to multiply marketing margins, especially in the developed countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>Finally, the high labour costs, especially in the retail trades, which are a special feature of the developed countries also contribute to high marketing. Self-Service shopping, which has gained a considerable momentum in recent years, endeavors to minimize the impact of high labour costs, but it is not a magical device to reduce the overall costs to a significant extent. It merely eliminates the small fraction of the costs due to those retail services that come to be performed mainly by the consumer.</p><p><br /></p><p>The major marketing costs are those which result due to enhanced improved utilities of form time and place .They represent the costs of the services which the consumer demands and for which he is willing to pay.</p><p><br /></p><p>In view of the above consideration, it could be safely concluded that distributive margins which form a longer and larger share of food expenditure have not been inconsistent with efficient marketing in the developed countries. In fact, these marketing margins has been a sine qua non for an efficient marketing system in developed countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>This is not to say that the marketing system in developed countries is entirely efficient, and therefore, incapable of improvements. It merely argues that higher margins in the developed economies have characterized a marketing system which is, in fact, relatively more efficient than its counterpart in developing countries and relatively less in need of improvements.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the other hand, high marketing margins in the less developed economies have not usually been associated with superior services rendered to the consumer, in spite of relatively cheaper labour, and this clearly indicate the existence of inefficiencies in marketing. In other words, there exists considerable scope for improvement in the marketing system of these countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>With regard to the share of middlemen, the analysis of the composition of marketing margins in different countries shows that whereas in the developed countries the profit element accounts for a very insignificant proportion of the total marketing bill, in the developing countries it constitutes a dominant element.</p><p><br /></p><p>What follows from the above illustration is that the size and composition of marketing margins can be used as a useful measure of efficiency, but to use it effectively requires an extremely sensitive weighing balance. The size of margin cannot be related to anything else until it is accurately related to the quantum and type of services yielded by it. Let us analyse this aspect briefly.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing margin consists of two elements:</p><p><br /></p><p>(a) Explicit costs paid for the performance of various marketing functions and</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>(b) The profit of the market intermediaries.</p><p><br /></p><p>(a) The Cost Component:</p><p><br /></p><p>The costs in marketing are incurred in the performance of various marketing functions of assembling, transportation, storage, processing, etc. or in other words, in the creation of various utilities. In order to minimize costs, the marketing facilities should operate at the maximum possible capacities with the least possible losses of produce.</p><p><br /></p><p>We can decide whether the costs prevailing in the marketing system have any economic justification only after we have analyzed the following factors:</p><p><br /></p><p>(1) The intensity of competition, especially in the light of various state policies.</p><p><br /></p><p>(2) The extent of utilization of capacity of marketing facilities.</p><p><br /></p><p>(3) The quantum and nature of services rendered in creating time, place and form utilities.</p><p><br /></p><p>(4) The quantum of produce losses in distribution.</p><p><br /></p><p>Efficiency in terms of cost would be positively related with No. 1-3 and negatively with No.4</p><p><br /></p><p>(b) The Profit Component:</p><p><br /></p><p>The subject of marketing profit has been rather extensively covered in the marketing literature of the developing countries. There are more abuses than appreciations attached to this subject. It is usually stated that the profit element predominates in the aggregate margin on agricultural commodities as a result of certain superfluous or inefficient intermediaries in the existing marketing channels.</p><p><br /></p><p>Most of the studies relating to this topic do not, however, endeavour to quantify the cost of various direct and indirect services rendered by the intermediaries. Much of what is called profit in fact reflects middlemen costs.</p><p><br /></p><p>For instance, studies of middlemen profit in the developing countries usually tend to ignore the following cost, items:</p><p><br /></p><p>(a) The cost on the money loaned out by the intermediary to farmers, consumers, or other intermediaries;</p><p><br /></p><p>(b) The cost of risks and uncertainties borne by the middleman in agricultural trade;</p><p><br /></p><p>(c) The cost of social help extended to the farmers;</p><p><br /></p><p>(d) The cost of entertainment at his business premises;</p><p><br /></p><p>(e) The cost due to spoilage of produce; and</p><p><br /></p><p>(f) The cost for bribes or gifts and for some kinds of levies, taxes and service charges not in fact related to actual services provided.</p><p><br /></p><p>In order to arrive at the real profit figures the cost of these and other indirect services has to be quantified.</p><p><br /></p><p>In determining the economic justification of various intermediaries the following factors would be carefully analyzed:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) The intensity of competition at all trade levels.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) The amount of risks and uncertainties involved.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) The size of business.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Alternative employment opportunities in the society.</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Restrictive state policies.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Consumer Prices:</p><p>Rising consumer prices are usually regarded as a measure of market inefficiency.</p><p><br /></p><p>But the price of any commodity is a function of:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Consumer income.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Available supplies in relation to effective demand.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Money supply</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Prices of substitutes and complements.</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Seasonal factors.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Marketing margins and distributional patterns.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vii) State price policies,</p><p><br /></p><p>(viii) General Price level.</p><p><br /></p><p>Increase in consumer prices are commonly attributed to manipulation by middlemen artificially restricting the distribution of commodities to their own advantage or creating artificial scarcities in the distribution of commodities. Actually, most marketing costs are relatively sticky and stend to change very slightly as compared to price changes caused by other factors.</p><p><br /></p><p>Even when deficiencies in the distributional patterns affect the price structure, they are usually caused by state price and procurement policies. High consumer prices are, therefore., largely due to factors other than marketing inefficiencies, although marketing often becomes the scapegoat for ills it has not directly caused.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Physical Marketing Facilities:</p><p>The inadequacy of physical marketing facilities like transport, storage, processing, etc. is also a subject of criticism in discussions of the efficiency of the marketing system. This has been common especially since the recent agricultural breakthrough in many of the developing countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>Although the availability of physical facilities has a direct bearing on marketing efficiency, to treat it as an important efficiency is questionable. The paucity of physical facilities may exist because of subsistence farming, the seasonal nature of agricultural production, the structure and wide dispersion of farm producing units, low quantum of marketable surplus, the stage of economic development, and the huge overhead expenditure involved in the provision of such facilities in the developing countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>Where physical facilities do exit, they are seldom based on a pressessment of the economic potential and requirements of the area. In the developing countries the spatial distribution of physical marketing facilities is so unorganized that at certain places they are underutilized and at other over utilized. There is need to determine the exact demands and patterns of distribution, and the reallocation of existing facilities needed for their efficient use.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Market Competition:</p><p>Intensity of competition has been widely suggested as a major indicator of market inefficiency. Though competition is desirable in itself, the methods of its measurement lack uniformity, precision and objectivity.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is conventional for researchers to blame the policy maker in a developing country for any lack of competition. On the other hand, where competition is intense the researcher who considers it the key to efficiency is hard put to indicate areas of possible improvement or to define relative degrees of efficiency.</p><p><br /></p><p>Excessive focus on quality competition is likely to be found in a market that lacks progressiveness and growth orientation; excessive attention to private competition leads towards greater concentration among sellers and the development of monopolistic organization with all of its attendant evils.</p><p><br /></p><p>Reliance on competition as a key indicator of efficiency is thus a static approach which disregards dynamic considerations, lacks a standard of comparison, and pays no attention to economic and social norms based on the value system of an economy. Use of competition as a measure of marketing efficiency would have to be selective and judicious to have any constructive influence on market performance.</p><p><br /></p><p>Since market performance refers to the end results of market adjustment by buyers and sellers in the market, the intensity of market competition may be considered both as a performance norm and as the net outcome of a reorganization of the market structure and market conduct.</p><p><br /></p><p>Thus the effective use of market competition as a measure of marketing efficiency would require an appropriate application of the criteria of workability for market structure, conduct and performance with all their interaction effects, so as to increase the intensity of competition to the extent socially desirable, while also moving towards such pre-designated social and economic goal.</p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-34022312633807407562022-08-25T10:51:00.005-07:002022-08-25T10:51:44.187-07:00Marketing Planning: Meaning, Scope, Importance, Elements & Barriers<p> Everything you need to know about marketing planning. Planning is the first and the foremost function of management.</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning precedes all the functions. Marketing planning is the starting point of all marketing and business activities of an enterprise. Because of the dynamism of the environment, the role of marketing planning has increased a lot.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing planning is the process – Marketing planning is a process that consists of analyzing current situation and information about marketing opportunities, forecasting and establishing planning premises, selecting target market(s), determining marketing objectives, designing and developing marketing strategy or courses of action for achieving these objectives and allocating resources to the ingredients of marketing effort i.e. marketing mix and developing procedure and policies.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuFkAD4AK6brs8Igdqy8PEVrBEUCxCDaM932jtveatonpBtpLuX-BGYzp6hqu6vjSLoIn9hIuql_yUX2d7sQ7c2KiWSKuUGABqEpkw8C2knF2zdKk_uyVfngWvQTzBr-75W0Ct8a6Wp4kWbyi2jjDwde8Ur_t_n1n1rr4OuqdPAqLPMW2sCYdnvAf8g/s1417/19693482_1943918509222526_7700062740431070719_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="1080" height="696" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuFkAD4AK6brs8Igdqy8PEVrBEUCxCDaM932jtveatonpBtpLuX-BGYzp6hqu6vjSLoIn9hIuql_yUX2d7sQ7c2KiWSKuUGABqEpkw8C2knF2zdKk_uyVfngWvQTzBr-75W0Ct8a6Wp4kWbyi2jjDwde8Ur_t_n1n1rr4OuqdPAqLPMW2sCYdnvAf8g/w531-h696/19693482_1943918509222526_7700062740431070719_o.jpg" width="531" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The activities of marketing planning are generally divided into two divisions according to time—(a) Long term Marketing Planning; and (b) Short term or annual Marketing Planning.</p><p><br /></p><p>Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Marketing Planning 2. Why is Marketing Planning Essential 3. Scope 4. Nature 5. Types 6. Elements 7. Importance 8. Approaches 9. Components 10. System 11. Implementation 12. Benefits 13. Barriers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning: Meaning, Scope, Nature, Types, Elements, Importance, Approaches, Components, Benefits and Other Details</p><p>Content:</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Marketing Planning</p><p>Why is Marketing Planning Essential?</p><p>Scope of Marketing Planning</p><p>Nature of Marketing Planning</p><p>Elements of Marketing Planning</p><p>Types of Marketing Planning</p><p>Importance of Marketing Planning</p><p>Approaches of Marketing Planning</p><p>Components of Marketing Planning</p><p>Marketing Planning System</p><p>Implementation of Marketing Planning</p><p>Benefits of Marketing Planning</p><p>Barriers to Marketing Planning</p><p>Marketing Planning – Meaning</p><p>Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it. Planning is simply a rational approach to accomplish an objective. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to go. Planning is the first management function to be performed in the process of management. It governs survival, growth and prosperity of any enterprise in a competitive and ever changing environment.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Planning is an analytical process which covers:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Analysis of the situation or environment,</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Assessment of the future opportunities and threats,</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Determination of objectives and goals in the light of the future environmental forces and</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>4. Selection of the best strategy or the course of action from among the alternative strategies to achieve the objectives. </p><p><br /></p><p>Planning is the first and the foremost function of management. Planning precedes all the functions. Marketing planning is the starting point of all marketing and business activities of an enterprise. Because of the dynamism of the environment, the role of marketing planning has increased a lot.</p><p><br /></p><p>Many experts today consider marketing planning as synonymous with overall business planning because the purpose of any business is the successful management of its markets (marketing resources).</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing planning is the process – Marketing planning is a process that consists of analyzing current situation and information about marketing opportunities, forecasting and establishing planning premises, selecting target market(s), determining marketing objectives, designing and developing marketing strategy or courses of action for achieving these objectives and allocating resources to the ingredients of marketing effort i.e. marketing mix and developing procedure and policies.</p><p><br /></p><p>Every company must look ahead and determine when it wants to go and how to get there. Its future should not be left to chance. To meet this need, companies use two systems — a strategic planning system and marketing planning system. Strategic planning provides the route map for the firm. Strategic planning serves as the hedge against risk and uncertainty.</p><p><br /></p><p>Strategic planning is a stream of decisions and actions which lead to effective strategies and which in term help the firm to achieve its objectives. Strategy is not something that can be taken out of one’s packet and pushed into the market all of a sudden. No magic formula exists to prepare for the future.</p><p><br /></p><p>The requirements are excellent insight to understand changing consumer needs, clear planning to focus our efforts on meeting those needs, and flexibility, because change is the only constant. Most important, we must always offer products of quality and value to the consumers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing planning is the process of anticipating future events and developing strategies to achieve organisational objectives. It involves designing activities relating to marketing objectives. Marketing planning of an organisation is planning for that organisation’s revenue-generating activities.</p><p><br /></p><p>It must begin with setting down the corporate plans and should be followed through with plans for each separate function:</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>1. The first step in marketing planning process is setting down marketing objectives and policies.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. The second step is designing the marketing system. In the marketing system, a company has to design/define each function with its contribution.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. The third step is to develop separate objectives, programmes, and strategies of each function, so that they can be assessed for the target purpose and the broad objectives. If any function cannot meet its objectives, have to be modified for that functional area.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. The fourth step is drawing of detailed plans for each function for a shorter period, i.e., a quarter, half a year or a year. It will be helpful in defining responsibilities, timing and costs needed to achieve the short-term objectives.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>5. The fifth step is merging the marketing plans into organisational plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Why is Marketing Planning Essential?</p><p>‘It is planning, not gambling, that produces profits and security.’</p><p><br /></p><p>Organizations operate in increasingly fragmented, complex and fast-changing markets. Meeting the challenges presented by a highly fluid and competitive environment normally means experiencing conflicting pressures between business objectives.</p><p><br /></p><p>For example:</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Enhancing customer service versus increasing profitability.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Short-term profit versus long-term value creation.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Maximization of revenue versus minimization of costs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing planning is an effective aid to management because of its integral role in identifying and clarifying the priorities for the business. Without a clear statement of priorities, the company is vulnerable to internal confusion and lost opportunities.</p><p><br /></p><p>The following list describes the most common symptoms of a reliance on traditional sales forecasting and budgeting procedure in the absence of a marketing planning system:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Lost opportunities for profit</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Meaningless numbers in plans</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Unrealistic objectives</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Lack of actionable market information</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Inter-functional strife</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Management frustration</p><p><br /></p><p>(vii) Proliferation of products and markets</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>(viii) Wasted promotional expenditure</p><p><br /></p><p>(ix) Pricing confusion</p><p><br /></p><p>(x) Growing vulnerability to environmental change</p><p><br /></p><p>(xi) Loss of control over the business</p><p><br /></p><p>An effective marketing planning system should offer more than immunity against these operational problems- it should deliver clearer and more widely understood objectives and priorities, higher levels of usable market information, improved inter-functional coordination, less waste and duplication of resources, and greater overall business control.</p><p><br /></p><p>A Business Week survey in 1996 indicated that as few as 6 per cent of business people in the USA would rate their company as excellent at planning for the long-term future. Could this be because they have not mastered the art of planning, or because they suffer from a short-sighted business outlook, or because their organizations contain barriers to marketing planning?</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Scope: Long Term and Short Term Marketing Planning</p><p>The activities of marketing planning are generally divided into two divisions according to time—(a) Long term Marketing Planning; and (b) Short term or annual Marketing Planning.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scope # 1. Long Term Marketing Planning:</p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Long range planning involves developing the basic objectives and strategy to guide future company efforts. The long range plan provides the frame work within which the other plans of the company are prepared.</p><p><br /></p><p>Long run planning may involve a time horizontal of two or more years, although it uses even a longer horizon of five to twenty years. Long range planning is done by the top management with the help of specialised planning authorities.</p><p><br /></p><p>Philip Kotler has pointed out that while preparing long term marketing plan the following situations should be considered:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Diagnosis:</p><p><br /></p><p>The planning process begins with an attempt by the company to size up the present market situation and the factors responsible for it. In short, diagnosis consists of where the company stands and why. The size up requires developing data on absolute levels of company sales and market shares and their receive trends, by product, territory and other breakdowns.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Supplementary data on marketing costs, plant utilisation, profit levels and other variables are also required. Plans must be taken to make a careful analysis of the recent trends instead of being relying simply of impressions.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Prognosis:</p><p><br /></p><p>In addition to diagnosing its present position, the company must also estimate where but is likely to go if present market trend continues. What sales and profits can the company make in the long period.</p><p><br /></p><p>A systematic sales and profit prognosis consists of five steps—(a) Projection of industry sales over the planning period; (b) Forecasts of company sales; (c) Forecast of company revenues, costs and profits; (d) Forecast of investment; and (e) Forecast of rate of return on the investment (R.O.I.) Prognosis indicates that if the company’s future seems to be bright, its present policies should be continued but if the future is dark and doubtful then the planning needs modification so that the objectives may be achieved.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Objectives:</p><p><br /></p><p>If the prognosis indicates that the company has no future, then the company should decide upon fresh objectives as to the amount of sales.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Strategy:</p><p><br /></p><p>Strategy lays down the broad principles which the company hopes to secure an advantage over competition attractiveness to buyers and a full exploitation of company resources.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing strategy might consist of the following tenants:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. To develop the highest quality product possible.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. To charge a premium price.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. To advertise more heavily than competitors.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. To use salesmen who feel and exhibit a missionary drive.</p><p><br /></p><p>There may be several alternatives of the strategy. The company should carefully study these alternatives and choose the best possible alternative strategy under the circumstances.</p><p><br /></p><p>The control section of a long range plan should contain performance targets. They should be checked periodically. In short, control is necessary. If at any stage the variations are not favourable the underlying causes are discovered and then changes are introduced to remedy the shortfalls and profits in the changed circumstances.</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Tactics:</p><p><br /></p><p>Tactics suggest how to use the company’s strategies to achieve its objectives. In other words tactics are the methods for carrying out the strategies. Philip Kotler has very interestingly distinguished objectives, strategies, and tactics in the following words—”The objectives of a company indicate where it wants to be, the strategy indicates the intended route; the tactical decisions are not primary, they nevertheless are very important.”</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Control:</p><p><br /></p><p>The long range plan represents the best vision of management at the time of planning of a proper set of objectives, strategies and tactics. It is based on a detailed set of assumptions and expectation whose validity will be revealed only in the course of time. More often, then not new events will occur that challenge some of the basic assumptions in the plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>This means two things- first the plan must include a control section that specifies the type of monitoring that will go on to check the plan’s effectiveness; second the company might prepare one or more contingency plans to meet new challenges.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scope # 2. Short Term or Annual Marketing Planning:</p><p>Each year companies prepare annual plan. In principle, the annual plan is developed in the context of the company’s long range plan. Short range plan, of course, is not possible where the company has no long range plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>A long range plan is necessary if the short range plans are not to be chaotic series of expedient solution to short run crisis. Sometimes annual plans only reflect over reactions to previous year’s result and next year’s problems rather than the progressive implementations of long range plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Three different approaches are generally taken to annual planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Goal Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Management sets sales and profit goals for the year that if achieved, would satisfy the shareholders. It is left to goes for whom the goals are set to find ways of achieving them.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Optimisation Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Management considers major alternative strategies and their likely impacts on profits, sales, market shares and future investment opportunities. The management selects the strategy with the most attractive consequences. This sort of planning is most logical of the three approaches.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) External Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Management considers continuing its current strategy and estimates the likely profits and sales it could achieve. If these are satisfactory, they are established as the company goals.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Nature: Divisional, Corporate, Product – Line, Product, Market, Brand and Functional Plan</p><p>As a company’s planning system evolves, there is increasing talk of “marketing planning and marketing plans.” Unfortunately, no common usage attaches to these terms. Companies that are highly market oriented sometimes use the term “marketing plan” synonymously with the overall business plan; perhaps a better title would be “market-oriented business plan.”</p><p><br /></p><p>In other companies, “marketing plan” is used to describe the section within the larger business plan that deals specifically with marketing issues and strategies, in contrast to the financial and manufacturing sections of the same plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>In still other companies, it is used to describe a special marketing document of retaining some marketing goal, such as a successful new-product launch or an orderly development of a new market.</p><p><br /></p><p>Because of these varying usages, the term “marketing plan” may not be a useful as a more specific designation of the particular type of plan being discussed.</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Divisional Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>The divisional plan is similar to the corporate plan and describes the division’s plan for growth and profitability. It describes marketing, financial, manufacturing, and personnel strategies and may use a short, intermediate, or long-run planning horizon. In some cases, the divisional plan is the sum of all the separate plans prepared within the division.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Corporate Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>The corporate plan describes the overall business plan for the corporation. It might be an annual, intermediate, or long-range plan. The corporate plan deals sit company missions, growth strategies, portfolio decisions, investment decisions, and current objectives and goals. It does not contain details on the activities of individual business units.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Product-Line Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A product-line plan describes objectives, goals, strategies, and tactics for a specific product line. Each product-line manager prepares this plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Product Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A product plan describes objectives, goals strategies and tactics for a particular product or product category. Each product manager prepares this plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Product/Market Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A product/market plan is a plan for marketing a particular product or product line or the company is a particular industrial or geographical market. An example would be a plan by a bank to market its lending services to the real estate industry.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Brand Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A brand plan describes objectives, goals, strategies, and tactics for a specific brand within the product category. Each brand manager prepares a brand plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vii) Market Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A market plan is a plan for developing and serving a particular market. If the organisation has market manager as well as product managers, the market managers would prepare these plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>(viii) Functional Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>A functional plan is a plan for one of the major functions, such as marketing, manufacturing, manpower, finance, or research and development. It also describes plans for sub functions within a major function; such is, in the case of marketing, an advertising plan, a sales promotion plan, a sales-force plan, and a marketing research plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Most of these plans have a marketing component. In fact, the marketing component not only is essential but usually takes priority in the plan’s development. Planning often starts with the question – How great a sales volume can be hope to obtain at a profit?</p><p><br /></p><p>This step is answered by marketing analysis and the development of a marketing plan. After this plan is approved, the non marketing executives start working on their manufacturing, financial, and personnel plans to support the marketing plan. Thus the marketing plan is foundation for the planning of the other activities of the company.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – 4 Major Elements: Objectives, Programme, Completion Schedule and Budgeting</p><p>1. Objectives or Goals:</p><p><br /></p><p>We have a statement of the company’s goals, including a forecast of sales, market share, and profits and expenses. The primary goal is, of course, increase in profits. To achieve this, we have a set of specific goals, e.g., a 5% increase of the total market share or 20% increase in the sales turnover.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Programmes:</p><p><br /></p><p>A programme is the second element of a marketing plan. A programme is an action plan, a detailed part of the plan. It points out the responsibilities of each department involved in marketing effort. Each programme is expected to achieve the set goals within a specified period.</p><p><br /></p><p>Each department operates and carries out the allotted functions according to the programme. We have product programme for the development of new products. We have advertising and sales promotion programme for effective marketing communication, and physical distribution programme (covering transport, storage, inventory control and order processing) for assuring best customer service at the lowest cost as far as possible.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Completion Schedule:</p><p><br /></p><p>We must have a proper schedule or time table for starting and completing the marketing activities included in the marketing plan. A schedule is a time-bound action plan. Deadlines are fixed for completing each step or item as per plan. Thus we can assure progress of a project within stipulated time.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Budgeting:</p><p><br /></p><p>Magnitude of the marketing activities represented by the marketing-mix or programme depends upon the level of marketing budget or numerised plan. A budget is a document indicating the amount of resources allotted for a specific purpose or work in an organisation.</p><p><br /></p><p>We have a marketing budget indicating the permissible amount of money which can be spent for financing all marketing activities in order to achieve pre-determined goals. We have quantity, quality, time and cost standards for measurement of results.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the basis of budgeted marketing cost, marketing management can inter balance the component parts of the marketing mix. On the basis of sales forecast, we have our marketing budget. Budgeting makes it possible to carry out plans. Budgeting also serves as a basis of control.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – 7 Most Important Types: Product Mix, Distribution Channel, Marketing Research, Marketing Organisation, Sales Force, Pricing Plan and a Few Others</p><p>Following marketing sub-plans are prepared for the successful implementation of marketing programme & strategies:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Product Mix Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>Product mix determination is very important in industries with complex and changing technologies. It is an especially effective instrument in market where the consumer is affluent and has an elaborate system of preference. The decisions relating to product elimination, dropping, adding or developing are included in it.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Distribution Channel Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>This sub-plan involves the future course of action with regards to distribution channels – their number, forms, management and remuneration, etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Marketing Research Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing research is the gathering, reduction and analysis of market data. Because it describes and evaluates demand, the behaviour of buyers and intermediaries, and competition, it allows more rational and efficient decision making. Research is the key to an optimum allocation of marketing resources.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Marketing Organisation Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>Considering only physical distribution of goods and products is only half way to success in marketing efforts. The firm should chalk out a proper plan regarding the organisation structure of marketing department, communication policies and procedures, co-ordination of marketing activities to that of other departments of the firm, etc. Hence, a marketing organisation plan is also to be developed.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Sales Force Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>The plan signifies the efficiency of salesmen and other personnel engaged in selling the goods. The decisions relating to hiring and training salesmen, motivating them, and assignment of sales quotas, determining sales territories, compensating salesmen and introducing the incentive plans are included in it.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Advertising and Sales Promotion Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>The sub plan incorporates the selection of advertising media, channels of distribution, sales promotion techniques, advertising strategies, and tactics, etc. Thus, this plan is mainly concerned with promotion mix.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Pricing Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>Pricing is theoretically the single most important instrument of competition in a market economy. The firms have to consider different pricing policies, strategies, legal constraints relating to pricing and so on.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Importance: To Face Future Uncertainties, Provides Focus to Marketing Activities, Best Utilization of Opportunities, Better Coordination and a Few Others</p><p>The preparation of a marketing plan is vital for setting the strategies to achieve the marketing objectives and for monitoring the performance of the marketing department. It determines the target to be attained and the implementation of plans to achieve them successfully.</p><p><br /></p><p>The importance of marketing planning can be summarized as follows:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. To Face Future Uncertainties:</p><p><br /></p><p>As the future is always clouded with risk, it is only pertinent that measures are taken as protection against unforeseen risks. An expert marketing manager makes marketing forecast on the basis of careful analysis of present circumstances and trends, and then sets the objectives for the future.</p><p><br /></p><p>He also takes into account any situation that is likely to arise in the future which may have an impact on the company’s marketing plans. For example, a marketing manager may take into consideration the probable entry of new competitors in the same product line while making plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Provides Focus to Marketing Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Efficient marketing planning helps in focusing the various activities, programmes and operations of the department towards the same direction- achieving the goals of the marketing department in a way that is aligned with the overall business success.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Best Utilization of Opportunities:</p><p><br /></p><p>The future is not just fraught with risks, but it is also full of viable opportunities. Marketing planning helps the organization to identify the opportunities that may arise in future and seize them before the competitors do. Regular monitoring of the business environment throws light on a number of emerging consumer needs and wants which can be successfully converted into marketing ideas.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Determination of the Right Marketing Mix:</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing mix is the combination of the various marketing elements like product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, etc. which is used by an organization to influence the demand for its products or services. A good marketing plan helps to determine the appropriate proportion of the various aspects of the marketing mix to create the maximum appeal to customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Better Coordination:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing plans are basically formulated for the marketing department, but they are aligned with the overall objectives of the company. Therefore it helps to coordinate the activities of all the departments so that coordination is achieved in the performance of the marketing department.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Satisfaction of the Customer:</p><p><br /></p><p>The business exists because of the customer and can operate profitably only through the satisfaction of his wants. Marketing planning entails the study of the customer wants and directs all marketing efforts towards the satisfaction of these needs. A marketing plan which is based on extensive consumer research lays the maximum emphasis on customer satisfaction.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Approaches: Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies, Portfolio Models and Competitive Analysis</p><p>Different authors and consultant firms have recommended different approaches to marketing planning.</p><p><br /></p><p>Some of the approaches are:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies (PIMS),</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Portfolio models, and</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Competitive analysis.</p><p><br /></p><p>Approach # 1. Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies (PIMS):</p><p>It is one of the path-breaking approaches to strategic planning and competitive strategy development. The Strategic Planning Institute of the USA sought to identify the most important variables affecting the profits by launching a study called Profit Impact of Marketing Strategy (PIMS).</p><p><br /></p><p>For the purpose, it gathered data from hundreds of business units in a variety of industries and identified the most important variables associated with the profitability. Market share is one among the key variables thus identified affecting profitability.</p><p><br /></p><p>According to a PIMS report, “The average return on investment (ROI) for business, with under 10 per cent market share, was almost 9 per cent on the average, a difference of ten percentage points in market share is accompanied by a difference of about five points in pretax ROI.”</p><p><br /></p><p>The PMIS study shows that business with market shares above 40 per cent earn an average ROI of 30 per cent, or three times that of those with shares under 10 per cent. Market shares can improve their profitability further through increasing their market share. In many markets, one share point is worth tens of millions of dollars. For example, in the USA, a one-share- point gain in coffee is worth $ 48 million and in soft drinks $ 120 million.</p><p><br /></p><p>Approach #2. Portfolio Models:</p><p>Another approach to marketing planning is the portfolio approach. A number of portfolio models have been proposed by researchers and management consultants.</p><p><br /></p><p>Some of the portfolio models are briefly discussed as follows:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Approach:</p><p><br /></p><p>The Boston Consulting Group, leading management consultant firm in the U.S., developed an approach known as the growth share matrix. This model uses the market rate.</p><p><br /></p><p>Growth – (vertical axis) as the indicator of the industry’s attractiveness and a firm’s market share (horizontal axis) as its competitive positive in that industry. The BCG matrix categorised the firm’s SBUs into four groups, viz., Stars, Cash Cows, Question marks and Dogs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Stars – These SBUS are supposed to be fast growing and carry the company’s future prosperity. As they show a high growth prospect they usually consume the maximum resources, particularly cash and marketing efforts to maintain their positions.</p><p><br /></p><p>Cash Cows – These SBUs earn the highest revenues for the firm. Management should carefully protect the profitability of these SBUS.</p><p><br /></p><p>Question marks – These SBUS are low performers compared, to the industry average. Management has to decide whether by putting in more resources it can bring these products into the high market share or “star” level or else to withdraw from those businesses in view of continuous below average performance.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dogs – These SBUs are performing poorly from the stand point of both the industry growth rate and the company’s market share position. Therefore, unless the company is hopeful of turning them into a “high position” on any of the two axes, they have to be wound up.</p><p><br /></p><p>The BCG model is based on the premise that a high market share and profitability are interrelated, because a high market share will mean – (a) greater economies of scale (b) greater market power vis-a-vis consumers as well as input suppliers, (c) better quality management, which is generally a characteristic of market leaders.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. General Electric (GE) Model:</p><p><br /></p><p>The General Electric (GE) model is an improvement over the BCG model. It relates to market attractiveness to the SBU and firm’s strengths, which will make it competitive in the marketplace. Factors that determine market attractiveness are – nature of competition, government policy, Return on Investment (Rol), technology, market size, rate of market growth and so on.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the other hand, the strengths of any SBU or firm may lie in R&D, finance, distribution, market share, product quality, customer service, etc. To measure these two dimensions, managers must identify the factors underlying each dimension and find a way to measure them and combine them into an index.</p><p><br /></p><p>The GE matrix is divided into nine cells, which in turn fall into three zones. The three cells in the upper-left corner indicate strong SBUs in which the company should invest or grow. The diagonal cells stretching from the lower left to the upper right indicate SBUs that are medium.</p><p><br /></p><p>In overall attractiveness – The Company should pursue selectivity and manage for earnings in these SBUs. The three cells in the lower-right corner indicate SBUS that are low in overall attractiveness. The company should give serious thought to harvesting or divesting these companies.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Arthur D. Little Life Cycle Portfolio Matrix:</p><p><br /></p><p>This model proposed by Arthur D. Little Inc., a management consulting firm, is built on the assumption that industries, like products, have life cycles. Every industry usually passes through four stages.</p><p><br /></p><p>The characteristics of each stage are as follows:</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Embryonic industry – Slow growth, changes in technology, vigorous pursuit of new customers, fragmented and unstable market shares.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Growth industry – Rapid growth customers exhibit definite purchase patterns, rising market shares of leading competitors, rapid pace of technological developments and negligible barriers to entry.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Mature industry – Stable purchase patterns, technology and market shares.</p><p><br /></p><p>d. Aging industry – Falling demand, a declining number of competitors and a narrowing product line.</p><p><br /></p><p>This model further conjectured that firms can occupy one of the six competitive positions viz., dominant, strong, favourable, tenable, weak and non-viable.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Shell’s Directional Policy Matrix:</p><p><br /></p><p>This model has two dimensions – the business sector’s profitability prospects and competitive capability. The profitability dimension has three classifications – unattractive, average and attractive. The competitive dimension is defined as weak, average or strong.</p><p><br /></p><p>The model offers nine possible strategies-</p><p><br /></p><p>Unattractive:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Weak – Disinvest.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Average – Phased withdrawal.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Strong – Cash Generation.</p><p><br /></p><p>Average:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Weak – Phased withdrawal.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Average – Custodial.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Strong – Growth.</p><p><br /></p><p>Attractive:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Weak – Double or quit.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Average –Try Harder.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Strong – Leader.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Components</p><p>Let us now consider in more detail the key components of marketing planning- the preparation, the people, the plan and the process.</p><p><br /></p><p>Preparing to Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>Preparation is an important part of the marketing planning process. Organizations that do not dedicate the time and resources necessary for planning can pay a heavy price. Inadequate preparation invites mistakes and careless thinking, and can allow important decisions to be made on the basis of insufficient or unreliable information.</p><p><br /></p><p>The typical planning cycle is 12 months and, generally speaking, major market research projects should be commissioned in the first half of the planning cycle and plans and programmes should be formulated in the latter half of the planning cycle.</p><p><br /></p><p>When preparing to plan, it is important to be clear which type of planning you are engaged in- strategic or tactical planning. The strategic marketing plan reflects what managers perceive to be their market position and competitive advantage, what objectives they want to achieve and how they intend to achieve them (strategies), and what resources they envisage will be required and at what consequence (budget).</p><p><br /></p><p>Tactical marketing plans are the detailed scheduling and costing out of the specific actions necessary to deliver the first phase of the strategic plan. Tactical plans should never be developed before strategic plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>Who should be Involved?</p><p><br /></p><p>The people who are going to use the plan should be involved in the planning process, as should those within the organization who can contribute knowledge or information to the plan. However, everyone need not attend every planning meeting.</p><p><br /></p><p>A planning manager should be appointed to manage the virtual planning team, indicating who should be at which meetings and assigning whatever tasks need to be undertaken between meetings. It is also the planning manager’s responsibility to establish clear communications and to ensure proper completion of the plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Criteria of a Good Marketing Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>The measure of a good marketing plan is not its 100 per cent accuracy in predicting the future. If you could foretell what is going to happen, you would not need to plan. The role of the marketing plan is to capture the essentials of the planning process and distil them down into a comprehensive working document.</p><p><br /></p><p>A good marketing plan should contain the following items:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Mission statement</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Financial summary</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Market overview (a brief summary of the marketing audit)</p><p><br /></p><p>4. SWOT</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Assumptions</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Marketing objectives and strategies</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Programmes, with forecasts and budgets</p><p><br /></p><p>The written marketing plan is the background against which operational decisions are taken on an ongoing basis and thus it should not include too much detail. To be usable, the marketing plan has to be well-written and short. As Malcolm McDonald says- ‘If it’s quicker to weigh it than to count the pages, it’s not a good marketing plan!’</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing plan is central to the company’s relationship management and revenue-generating activities, and from it flow all other corporate activities, such as the timing of the cash flow and the size and character of the labour force.</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing plan can be distributed to all those whom it involves directly or for whom it will have a significant impact. The distribution list should include the key account (or segment) director and manager, as well as each member of the key account (or segment) team.</p><p><br /></p><p>Criteria of an Effective Marketing Planning Process:</p><p><br /></p><p>The success of the marketing planning process is determined by more than simply the production of a marketing plan. An effective planning process will yield a usable plan and, in so doing, will additionally identify insufficient or unreliable information, promote clarity of thinking within the team and recommend methods for better team working.</p><p><br /></p><p>The achievement of these criteria requires patient determination. Organizations usually take two to three years to install a planning process fully so if your plan is about 60 per cent of the way there in Year 1 and 80-90 per cent completed in Year 2, you are on track.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>International Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>An international market audit poses the following additional considerations:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The product itself- Standardization and Adaptation.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Packaging and labeling- Protection/ security, Promotional/distribution channels, Cultural factors, Package size, Language, Legal or regulatory requirements.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Brands and trademarks- Global or national, Legal requirements and ownership issues, Cultural factors.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Warranty and service- International customers, Safety, Quality control standards, Usage, Promotion, Service networks</p><p><br /></p><p>Some famous examples of not-so-successful international marketing initiatives include:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) The Mexican bread and cakes brand, Bimbo, has an image problem in the USA.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) The Rolls-Royce Silver Mist (‘mist’ means ‘manure’ in German).</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) The export of bacon flavoured crisps to Saudi Arabia (the entire planeload was incinerated at the side of the runway in Jeddah despite the manufacturer’s protests that the product contained no pork).</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) The Scandinavian vacuum cleaner manufacturer, Electrolux, ran a US advertising campaign with the slogan- ‘Nothing sucks like an Electrolux’.</p><p><br /></p><p>Careful international marketing has much to offer, and not only in terms of increased sales. The successful international company is constantly on the lookout for synergy and cost savings. Economies of scale can be found in production, product R&D and new technologies.</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning for Key Accounts:</p><p><br /></p><p>Key account management is a complex task. It often involves cross-functional teams and international planning issues, and can engender internal confusion over priorities where specially tailored products or services are required. When planning for key accounts, it is therefore useful to treat a key account as a segment (or several segments) in its own right and to prepare a separate sub-plan for each key account.</p><p><br /></p><p>The purpose of the key account plan is to show how the supplying organization intends to build and strengthen its relationship with its key accounts.</p><p><br /></p><p>The plan should therefore address the following issues:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The key account’s decision-making unit and purchasing process.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. The key account’s objectives and drivers.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. The market audit from the key account’s point of view (the customer’s market background competitive position).</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Opportunities and threats to the key account’s business as well as to the relationship between the supplier and the key account.</p><p><br /></p><p>The strengths and weaknesses analysis should be based on the key account’s CSFs while the strategies should deal with people and process issues as well as the 4Ps (product, price, place and promotion). It can still be appropriate to use the Ansoff Matrix (‘new markets’ become ‘new parts of key account’) and the DPM (‘market attractiveness’ becomes ‘customer sub-segment attractiveness’).</p><p><br /></p><p>The other significant difference between key account planning and other forms of marketing planning is that key account planning may be a joint process in which both supplier and customer take part.</p><p><br /></p><p>IT in Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Various software packages are now available which assist with elements of marketing planning. These range from simple matrix generators to complex segmentation packages. There are even programs that will write your marketing plan for you (based on the data you supply, of course!).</p><p><br /></p><p>The advantages of using planning software can be considerable.</p><p><br /></p><p>Benefits include the following points:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Guidance:</p><p><br /></p><p>On-screen prompts and access to ‘Help’ pages guide the user through the planning process, ensuring that it is thoroughly and correctly completed.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Standardization:</p><p><br /></p><p>The adoption of specific programs across large organizations or international divisions provides consistency and supports consolidation. Site licenses and network versions may be purchased to allow planners in different locations to work on the same plan simultaneously.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Presentation:</p><p><br /></p><p>Professional applications usually incorporate a choice of visual aids such as charts and tables to enhance clarity and interest value. Attractive graphics can help make essential points about segments or competitive positions.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Contingency Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning software is easier to manipulate than traditional ‘paper and pencil’ methods, affording a time and energy saving facility, especially in ‘what if’ type exercises.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The following three examples of marketing software output illustrate the diversity and flexibility of IT features. The first example, based on the experience of a German engineering company, is a CSF bar chart for a product- market segment that has been produced using the weighting and scoring system.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is clear from Figure 15.7 that Top Widget surpasses its competitors on quality, shares similar product range and service levels, but performs least well overall because its prices are perceived to be less attractive.</p><p><br /></p><p>The second example is -the result of segmentation exercises using two different types of software. The following data shows the output from a cluster analysis of Europe-wide customer research data in a metal industry. Cluster 1 represents a group of customers for whom reliability of delivery and price are vital while cluster 2 represents a group of customers who are more interested in security of supply and consistent quality.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Another segmentation program also uses cluster analysis but in addition produces the results as a bar chart. Market research by a South African insurance company indicated a number of different segments.</p><p><br /></p><p>One segment prefers to buy from a well-known company, preferably a company that is personally recommended. The insurance company labeled this segment ‘Security Seekers’. A different segment was primarily interested in price and was called ‘Economy’.</p><p><br /></p><p>Using this information, the insurance company was able to develop two different marketing propositions. It targeted the Security Seekers with an advertising campaign emphasizing its history and track record, and introducing ‘recommend a friend’ incentives. The Economy segment was targeted with a new ‘no frills’ product and direct mailings were used to communicate the value-for-money message.</p><p><br /></p><p>A word of warning- marketing software is a decision support tool, not a decision substitute. In the words of one experienced planner – The problem is not “garbage in, garbage out”; it’s when you start to believe the garbage because it comes out of a computer. We call this “garbage in, gospel out.”</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – System: Product-Oriented, Customer-Oriented, Market-Oriented, Function-Oriented Organization</p><p>An organization is a mechanism through which a managerial philosophy is translated into action. As the philosophy changes, organizational goals are revised and basic changes made in the organizational operations. The marketing planning system in various organizations may be focused on different aspects of marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>Any company would adopt the system most suitable to it. On the whole, marketing planning systems may be: product oriented, consumer oriented, market oriented or function oriented.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Product-Oriented Marketing Organization:</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing planning is made for each product separately in such an organization. Targets are determined for each product and detailed programmes are chalked out to achieve these targets and goals. The expenditures related to advertising, sales promotion, product development, marketing research, etc. are fixed individually for each product.</p><p><br /></p><p>Each product is taken as a separate entity when it comes to distribution and marketing also. Big conglomerates like Unilever, Proctor and Gamble, Tata Sons, etc. have separate marketing plans for each product category (home care products, food items, personal care, electronics, etc.).</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Customer-Oriented Marketing Organization:</p><p><br /></p><p>In such kinds of organizations, separate marketing planning is prepared for each class of customers. Marketing organization is centred on the characteristics and needs of different types of customers. The objectives and goals are fixed in accordance with the features of each customer category.</p><p><br /></p><p>For example, cosmetics companies like Gamier, Emami, Lakme, Ponds, etc. tailor their advertisements and marketing communication to specifically target a particular group of customers—fairness creams for men, fairness creams for women, anti-wrinkle products for older women, protection against pimples for teenagers, etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Market-Oriented Marketing Organization:</p><p><br /></p><p>It refers to an organization which is regionally based. Different targets are fixed for different regions and plans are made according to the unique characteristics of the particular regions. Separate territory-wise budgets are prepared keeping in view the nature and intensity of competition in each region.</p><p><br /></p><p>A company may offer its goods at a lower rate while attempting to enter a new market or may change certain product characteristics while catering to a particular geographical territory.</p><p><br /></p><p>For example, global restaurant chains like McDonald’s, KFC and Pizza Hut change the ingredients of their food preparations according to the preferences and customs of the region they operate in, like providing vegetarian versions of traditionally non-vegetarian recipes in a country like India where many people avoid meat.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Function-Oriented Marketing Organization:</p><p><br /></p><p>The consolidated marketing plans are prepared on the basis of several other smaller plans such as product mix plan, sales-force plan, advertising and sales promotion plan, distribution plan, pricing plan, market research plan and marketing organization plan, etc. First the individual plans for each function of marketing are to be made and the final plan will be an integration of all the functional plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Implementation with Key Elements</p><p>Most plans fail at this point Either the plan cannot be easily implemented or they fail due to the indifference of those who are supposed to implement it Therefore, everyone involved should be apprised and committed to ensure the successful accomplishment of the plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Challenges to the implementation of Marketing Plans are twofold:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. External factors – Changes in the external macro and micro-environment will threaten the implementation of plans. A change may require a modification or even necessitate complete change.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Internal factors – The marketing department is only one of the many in a company hence in reality it has to compete with other departments for limited resources. To deliver value the marketing department has to depend on other departments.</p><p><br /></p><p>Common Problems in implementing strategic marketing plans can be identified as follows:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Lack of Support from the CEO and Other Top Management:</p><p><br /></p><p>The strategic marketing plan is a marketing manager’s initiative and without support from the top other functional managers wouldn’t either.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Lack of Internal Marketing Plans:</p><p><br /></p><p>In reality a marketing plan has to be first marketed inside the office before it can be implemented outside. If a marketing plan does not get the commitment of all the people inside the organisation it cannot be successfully implemented.</p><p><br /></p><p>For example the marketing division of a Courier service, with difficulty, under severe competition, broke into serve the far-east sector of a large buying house in the garment industry. Every evening a courier would be sent to pick up the shipments. One evening and after about one week of service, the head of the buying office happened to be present at the point where the courier takes over the package.</p><p><br /></p><p>On this fateful evening the Courier came in as usual and took over the package, which was beautifully packed; without any consideration the Courier folded it into two crushing the beautiful packing simply to load it into the courier bag. To cut a long story short that was the end of the business for the courier company.</p><p><br /></p><p>No matter how much of assurance the Sales and Marketing people would have given the customer, the foolish act of the courier ruined it for them. Alternatively, if the Courier was trained through an internal marketing planning process this would not have happened. So, marketing the Marketing Plan is of great importance, where many of us lack.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Lack of Line Management Support:</p><p><br /></p><p>Operational managers for many good reasons may not be willing to extend complete support, therefore, special attention and effort to address those issues and to canvass their support is essential for proper implementation of the plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Confusion over Planning Terms:</p><p><br /></p><p>Some managers may use academic planning terminology that some line managers may resent. Therefore, to avoid these misgivings separate meetings with relevant line managers independently or collectively should be held to explain the plan and to canvas support for it.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Too much of Detail:</p><p><br /></p><p>Too much of paper work and resultantly piles of paper work can be most boring for anybody. Therefore, main issues should be addressed cutting unnecessary detail when communicating the plan and implementing them thereafter.</p><p><br /></p><p>v. Once a Year Ritual:</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning must not be brought down to the level of being treated as an once a year ritual, then the danger of them being filed away till the next year will arise. Planning must be integrated as an integral part of a manager’s job and as a continuous process of good corporate management.</p><p><br /></p><p>vi. Separation of Operational Planning from Marketing Plans:</p><p><br /></p><p>This is also seen, as a problem where managers become operational oriented and lose Marketing concerns, strategic thinking and the longer-term needs. Influencing marketing orientation will be a necessary input to retain management’s interest in marketing planning and its implementation.</p><p><br /></p><p>vii. Integrating Marketing Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing planning must be integrated into the corporate planning system and be considered in relation to the plans of finance, production and operations, research and development, logistics, personnel and so forth.</p><p><br /></p><p>viii. Delegation of Planning to a Planner:</p><p><br /></p><p>This is also a threat in that when the entire planning process is delegated to a specific planner and those who were not involved will handle implementation with indifference. Therefore, it may be wise to involve die respective managers at all possible stages of the planning process.</p><p><br /></p><p>Effective leadership from the CEO downwards must be ensured for the proper implementation of the Marketing Plan; therefore challenges and problems must be of concern to all.</p><p><br /></p><p>Key Elements of Implementation:</p><p>The key elements of the implementation program can be classified into the following activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Leadership:</p><p><br /></p><p>Senior Management cannot leave it to the middle and junior level managers to implement the plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>i. They must take the ultimate responsibility to implement the plan with the support of the others.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. They need to be committed to the strategic plan, as their juniors would usually be involved in short-term issues.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Allocating responsibility to relevant managers and empowering them with authority to implement the plan is very important.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Establishing check points are also key considerations for proper implementation –</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Meeting present and future deadlines</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Any targets that could be missed</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Availability of resources to deliver value</p><p><br /></p><p>d. Assurance of continuous supply.</p><p><br /></p><p>In implementing a Marketing Plan it is a must that the Head of Marketing takes over and provides the necessary leadership. It is the marketer who has to motivate the rest, just as much as he would do with those outside the organisation to buy its value propositions.</p><p><br /></p><p>There are charismatic leaders those who can lead by the strength of their own personality and there are also transformational leaders with charisma who are able to create new vision for the organisation, gain acceptance and implement them through change. The following is what Fredrick Forsyth wrote about Emeka Odimegwu Ojukwu — a great Nigerian leader, in his book titled Emeka.</p><p><br /></p><p>“There are many, and I have met a few, who could administer, govern, and even rule. But to lead, really to lead a whole people, takes something more: and it is not learned in school or from books. It takes not to be judged by fine clothes, big cars, and money in the bank or the shouting of slogans. It is not just the capacity to start a crowd cheering – a demagogue on a street corner can do that. Leadership takes more. It involves the possession of a series of qualities that are possessed and seen to be possessed, and which make others prepared to follow the one who owns them”.</p><p><br /></p><p>“Some years ago I addressed my thoughts to what these qualities should be and came up with the following. Strength without brutality, courage without recklessness, honesty without priggishness, intelligence without pedantry, humour without frivolity and compassion without sentimentality.</p><p><br /></p><p>Then I looked at the list and realised there was something more, something missing. Call it the X factor. It may be presence, or charisma, the ability to dominate other men by sheer personality, or the capacity simply to inspire. Winston Churchill had it, Charles De Gaulle had it, John Kennedy had it and David Ben Gurion, the father of Israel, had it. But I never knew an African who had it Till Emeka”.</p><p><br /></p><p>Today increasing attention is being made to the need of the visionary leader who could transform the business to greater heights.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Internal Marketing:</p><p><br /></p><p>Before a business markets any value proposition to external customers it must do so to the internal customers. Internal Marketing is the process of implementing a marketing programme in the internal environment so that employees are seen as customers and are persuaded to buy into and support management ideas and planned processes. The value propositions of a business must also be marketed to its internal market if relevant. If a business is making industrial products a typical employee of a business will have no need for it. On the contrary if they were into FMCG or SMCG it may be relevant.</p><p><br /></p><p>The first thing that the business should market is the Vision of the company, so that its vision will be very clear to all employees. Similarly, the Mission of the company must be communicated and must made be very clear. The vision and mission must be recallable and memorable. These cannot be achieved without an internal marketing programme.</p><p><br /></p><p>In designing the internal marketing programme the following factors have to be considered:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Internal Marketing Objectives and Strategy:</p><p><br /></p><p>The purpose of the internal marketing programme is to achieve goals & objectives of external marketing that will have a suitable strategy. Some research may be needed to assess the implication of the external marketing programme for the internal customers or employees.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Segmenting the Internal Market:</p><p><br /></p><p>By identifying, supporters of a proposed strategy, influential opponents and how the business can win them over, non-involved supporters and as to how their support can be increased and how non-involved opponents can be convinced, a valuable segmentation could be made.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Develop an Internal Marketing Mix Product:</p><p><br /></p><p>It could be a plan or change the business wants to implement. Price – the plan may have costs and benefits to staff. Shifting an office may result in an undesirable longer journey to some. Increased sales quotas may affect the Sales personnel’s commission earnings. Place— distribution of the plan or the process of bringing the plan and the internal customer together where timing must be addressed carefully. Promotion— effective communication with the internal market must be ensured so that the message is clear and well understood and support extended.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Important Skills Needed in Implementing the Internal Marketing Plan:</p><p><br /></p><p>It is the marketing department that must communicate with the others inside who control other key functions and resources such as – production, finance, research & development and those who are concerned with other stakeholders. Nike, the world leader in sports shoes, sometime back did not have a manufacturing facility but outsourced its products. They outsourced a large volume of its requirements from a town called Pusan in Korea.</p><p><br /></p><p>To the Koreans, Nike was a very large customer and dependent on them so the Koreans decided to ask for a higher price from Nike. To Nike, Koreans were important stakeholders but the request for a higher price had an unpleasant impact in the relationship and eventually Nike had pulled out of Korea and set up elsewhere. Pusan thus became a ghost town overnight. To the Koreans, Nike was an internal customer and perhaps a good internal marketing plan with the following skills which would have averted such action and saved a number of people from being unemployed.</p><p><br /></p><p>v. Negotiation:</p><p><br /></p><p>A negotiation takes place when two parties with different objectives agree on a mutually agreeable outcome. Negotiations are the nucleus of a relationship with those outside, like outsourcers for example, on price and delivery but is also relevant to those inside. Negotiations with labour unions, other units etc., is an important aspect of internal marketing. Had the Koreans done it right they would not have been in that precarious predicament.</p><p><br /></p><p>vi. Persuasion:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketers must be committed to persuade all other units, heads of departments, and all concerned about its external plan and get their support and concurrence.</p><p><br /></p><p>vii. Co-Operation:</p><p><br /></p><p>People in organisations have their own goals and ambitions, competition among departments and internal people. The success of any plan is to get the cooperation of all of them to implement it. A motivated internal people are a result of effective internal marketing, which is absolutely necessary for the implementation of the Marketing Plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Project Management:</p><p><br /></p><p>Implementation of a marketing plan must take the route of project management to achieve success lest even the best of all plans will remain as plans. A project can be defined as an undertaking that has a beginning and an end and is carried out to meet established goals within cost, schedules and quality objectives.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Examples of Projects:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Management – Holding of an important national conference, conducting a major trade exhibition etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Marketing – Setting up a new distribution network, implementing a promotional campaign etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>Earlier seven different types of Marketing Plans were observed:</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Marketing plan for Products</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Marketing plan for Brands</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Marketing plan for New Products</p><p><br /></p><p>d. Marketing plan for Categories</p><p><br /></p><p>e. Marketing plan for Segments</p><p><br /></p><p>f. Marketing plan for Customers</p><p><br /></p><p>g. Marketing plan for Regions & Countries.</p><p><br /></p><p>For example, in the case of a launch of a new product the task of producing the marketing communications, which includes press, radio, journals, TV and point of purchase material are all a project that has to be accomplished. To establish stockists round the country and to set-up the distribution network and providing the logistics needs is also a project.</p><p><br /></p><p>The setting up of a supply chain for all materials needed to produce the new product is also a project. The plan is a direction as to how it should be accomplished and a project is doing what has to be accomplished in the plan over its planning period, project management gives life to the plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Objectives of Project Management:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Quality – End result should conform to what the project was intended to do.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Budget – Project must be completed within permitted costs and budget.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Time schedule – Project must be carried out and accomplished within the time frame in which it was planned to be carried out.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. The Project Manager:</p><p><br /></p><p>In the case of the foregoing example of finding stockists round the country and setting up the distribution network the Project Manager will be the National Sales Manager and supported by Regional & Provincial Sales Managers, District Sales Managers and even Sales Representatives.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. The Role of the Project Manager:</p><p><br /></p><p>The project manager has the resources of staff, money and time, which have to be coordinated and a project manager’s principal duties could be described as follows –</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Project Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Developing project targets, with quality, budget and time Dividing the project into activities so that they can be delegated to team members to implement.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Delegation & Team Building:</p><p><br /></p><p>An important aspect is to delegate the divided activities to individuals and their teams. For example, the National Sales Manager will delegate the appointment of stockists to the various Regional Managers who in turn will delegate to provincial Managers and they in turn will delegate to District Sales Managers who may even involve the Sales Representative.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Coordination & Communication:</p><p><br /></p><p>The Project Manager must be responsible to report to superiors and have a constant dialogue with those below to ensure they are correctly briefed and apprised.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Monitoring & Control:</p><p><br /></p><p>It is the responsibility of the Project Manager to ensure that work is going on smoothly and that any problem that may arise is taken care of with the least delay.</p><p><br /></p><p>v. Resolving Problems:</p><p><br /></p><p>Even in the best of plans unforeseen problems may arise as we deal with the external macro and micro-environment of which we have no control. In such events the Project manager may seek counsel from his superiors, handle them himself or delegate responsibility to a team member to resolve it</p><p><br /></p><p>vi. Quality Control:</p><p><br /></p><p>The Project Manager must ensure that throughout the implementation of the project that quality is maintained. Often there is the tendency to meet time schedules and compromise on quality, which must be avoided. The top management must provide leadership to ensure quality is maintained and employees at all levels must be made to understand the importance of quality through internal marketing and ensure quality is maintained at all times. Quality ensures profitable markets and profitable markets ensure job security.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Project Planning Tools:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Schedule of Activities – This will ensure that each job is performed as and when scheduled. It will minimise the constraints on resources and performance.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Estimate of Time – The time duration for each sub-unit of work, earliest work must be started in each unit and the latest it must be started.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Gantt Charts – An easy plan for a project is made on a bar line chart or Gantt chart. It can be used as a progress control chart with the lower section of each bar being completed as the activity is undertaken.</p><p><br /></p><p>9. Managing Change:</p><p><br /></p><p>The fundamental aspect of any business is to ensure that it manages the velocity of change external to it internally by responding and acting. To prepare a business for the future it must keep abreast with the influences of the macro and micro- environment, which would result in the need to effect, change internally. A business must adapt and modify to survive in a changing environment, upon which it has no control. The external environment offers the organisation threats as well as opportunities. The business must respond with internal change to meet them and maximise on its strengths and mitigate weaknesses.</p><p><br /></p><p>10. Aspects of Change:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. The Environment – There could be changes effected by competitors, customers’ buying behaviour, changes in the law of the land, societal changes like unemployment or an aging population, attitudes and economic changes like inflation or even boom, the latter may need very different thinking and strategy.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Product and Service Portfolio – They are provided according to the needs of the market and with a constant response to competition and changes in technology.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. How Products are made and Services are provided – It is important to respond to the legal needs when manufacturing products and providing services. Pollution control in a factory and hygiene in a restaurant are areas that may need change, for the general welfare of humans.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Corporate Relations – Maintaining leadership, employee relationship, provides training and continuing professional development needs constant adjustment in corporate relations.</p><p><br /></p><p>v. Organisational Structure – Changes by having new divisions, SBUs, centralisation or decentralisation are some aspects of adjusting organisational structure.</p><p><br /></p><p>11. Questioning the Effectiveness of Change:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Influence of Change on Marketing Goals and Objectives – Has change contributed to marketing goals and objectives of the Plan?</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Success of Change in Meeting Marketing Goals and Objectives – Can change solve problems?</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Response of Internal People – Can change initiate better customer care, team spirit, attention to detail, output, performance and commitment?</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Benefits</p><p>Formalized marketing is an institutionalized process designed to work out and write down in advance the particular competitive stance that the company plans to take. This system will ensure that the company’s hopes for the future are, and remain, realistic, relevant and widely understood.</p><p><br /></p><p>In one study, 90 per cent of the industrial goods companies involved did not, by their own admission, produce anything approximating to an integrated, coordinated and internally consistent plan for their marketing activities. Significantly, this majority included a substantial number of companies with highly formalized procedures for marketing planning. Marketing planning procedures are most valuable when they culminate in a marketing plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Companies find that formalized marketing planning produces the following benefits:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Coordination of the activities of many individuals whose actions are interrelated over time.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Identification of expected developments.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Preparedness to meet changes when they occur.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Minimization of non-rational responses to the unexpected.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Better communication among executives.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Minimization of conflict among individuals that might result in a subordination of the goals of the company to those of the individual.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Planning – Barriers</p><p>As a rule, formalized marketing planning results in greater profitability and stability in the long term and also helps to reduce friction and operational difficulties within the organization. When marketing planning fails, it is generally because companies place too much emphasis on the procedures and the resulting paperwork, rather than on generating information useful to and consumable by, management.</p><p><br /></p><p>Also, when companies relegate marketing planning to a junior planner or outsource the task, it invariably founders for the simple reason that planning for line management cannot be delegated to a third party. The real role of the planner should be to help those responsible for implementation to plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>Failure to recognize this simple fact can be disastrous. Equally, planning failures often result from companies trying to do too much, too quickly, and without training staff in the use of procedures.</p><p><br /></p><p>Barriers to implementing marketing planning may include:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Weak support from chief executive and top management.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Lack of a plan for planning.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Lack of line management support (including hostility, lack of skills, lack of information, lack of resources, inadequate organizational structure).</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Confusion over planning terms.</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Numbers in lieu of written objectives and strategies.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Too much detail, too far ahead.</p><p><br /></p><p>(vii) Once-a-year ritual.</p><p><br /></p><p>(viii) Separation of operational planning from strategic planning.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ix) Failure to integrate marketing planning into a total corporate planning system.</p><p><br /></p><p>(x) Delegation of planning to a planner.</p><p><br /></p><p>If some or all of these barriers are an issue in your organization, you may find it necessary to combine the introduction of the planning process with a number of training sessions. It is essential to get buy-in from the top, early on in the process.</p><p><br /></p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-61356931063139495022022-08-25T10:47:00.004-07:002022-08-25T10:47:37.100-07:00What is Marketing Management in 2023<p> Everything you need to know about marketing management. Marketing Management performs all managerial functions in the field of marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Management identifies market opportunities and comes out with appropriate strategies for exploring those opportunities profitably.</p><p><br /></p><p>It has to implement marketing programme and evaluate continuously the effectiveness of marketing-mix. It has to remove the deficiencies observed in the actual execution of marketing plans, policies, and procedures. It looks after the marketing system of the enterprise.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHFSPTUtgcQDjNrmGpVIlAib-ga5TbEe69yEiSjXl8TESlIKLnwsyeSuVZCdkRjQfUuad7eGaE4lfKLjyCYK77jbJl4OcDXq8EDv4Gy7-Rf6fZiIKAfC3iZeu1mTkcvVVvgU22Lmu8bC6OhVjymKMgI4IR86sEJP6asJO7rQdt7e9H4wlVyzVOthtT9g/s864/292032922_544362677418098_6485024130779273720_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="719" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHFSPTUtgcQDjNrmGpVIlAib-ga5TbEe69yEiSjXl8TESlIKLnwsyeSuVZCdkRjQfUuad7eGaE4lfKLjyCYK77jbJl4OcDXq8EDv4Gy7-Rf6fZiIKAfC3iZeu1mTkcvVVvgU22Lmu8bC6OhVjymKMgI4IR86sEJP6asJO7rQdt7e9H4wlVyzVOthtT9g/w532-h640/292032922_544362677418098_6485024130779273720_n.jpg" width="532" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Management is the process of getting things done in an organised and efficient manner. Marketing management aims at efficient operation of marketing activities.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management smoothen the process of exchange of ownership of goods and services from seller to the buyer. Marketing management, like all other areas of management comprises of the function of planning, organising, directing coordinating and controlling.</p><p><br /></p><p>Learn about:- 1. Definition of Marketing Management 2. Marketing Concept 3. Features 4. Importance 5. Functions 6. Process 7. Scope 8. Marketing Mix 9. Marketing Decision Making 10. Orientation 11. Issues.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management: Introduction, Definition, Concept, Importance, Functions and Process</p><p>Content:</p><p><br /></p><p>Introduction to Marketing Management</p><p>Definition of Marketing Management</p><p>Marketing Concept</p><p>Features of Marketing Management</p><p>Importance of Marketing Management</p><p>Functions of Marketing Management</p><p>Process of Marketing Management</p><p>Scope of Marketing Management</p><p>Marketing Mix</p><p>Marketing Decision Making</p><p>Marketing Management Orientation</p><p>Issues of Marketing Management</p><p>What is Marketing Management – Introduction</p><p>In considering how the individual selling unit in the marketing system operates, we will investigate the question- What is marketing management? Some readers will be students who intend to be in marketing management, others already are marketing managers, and still others may be in related activities that bear on marketing management in either a managerial or a regulative capacity.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>To meet all their needs our main objective is to develop a structure, a “theory”, of managerial marketing around which they can organize their reading and experience in order to arrive at a better understanding of it.</p><p><br /></p><p>This understanding can serve two objectives. First, it will help them obtain new insights from the experiences they will be acquiring on the job in the future. Inevitably they will develop from experience some such structure to serve this crucial need anyway, so they can profit from new experience and new knowledge. To acquire such a structure from experience alone, however, is a slow and often uncertain process. Formal education can help them to speed this up so they grow in marketing skill much faster.</p><p><br /></p><p>Second, understanding of marketing management will permit a better grasp of the role of marketing in economic development, which many countries are so earnestly seeking. This structure is culture- free and can be applied to any environment. In general, study of marketing management leads to a better evaluation of marketing activity in terms of its performance in meeting the consumer’s needs.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management is the process of decision making, planning, and controlling the marketing aspects of a company in terms of the marketing concept, somewhere within the marketing system. Before proceeding to examine some of the details of this process, comments on two aspects will be helpful background.</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept is simple in principle but often very difficult, if not impossible, to fully implement. Adam Smith’s comment cited above is most consistent with it. The concept is that a company can more effectively serve its own objectives if it will integrate the various aspects of its marketing activities explicitly so as to meet the preferences of its customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>To one unfamiliar with company practice the need for implementing the concept and the capacity to do it would seem to be so obvious as not to merit discussion.</p><p><br /></p><p>This process of marketing management takes place “somewhere” within the marketing system. Having seen the marketing system portrayed, you know that “somewhere” can be within any of the many, many companies—manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing—that make it up. Marketing management is practiced in every one of them.</p><p><br /></p><p>Assume, to simplify, that we are concerned only with the manufacturing level in a direct sense because the manager we are considering occupies a marketing management position there.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is the nature of each of the three elements making up the marketing management process – decision making, planning, and control?</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Definition: Provided by Institute of Marketing Management and Philip Kotler</p><p>Traditionally, markets were viewed as a place for exchange of goods and services between sellers and buyers to the mutual benefit of both. Today, marketing is exchange of values between the seller and the buyer. Value implies worth related to the goods and services being exchanged. The buyer will be ready to pay for the goods if they have some value for him.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing is the business function that controls the level and composition of demand in the market. It deals with creating and maintaining demand for goods and services of the organization.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management is “planning, organising, controlling and implementing of marketing programmes, policies, strategies and tactics designed to create and satisfy the demand for the firms’ product offerings or services as a means of generating an acceptable profit.”</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>It deals with creating and regulating the demand and providing goods to customers for which they are willing to pay a price worth their value.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Management performs all managerial functions in the field of marketing. Marketing Management identifies market opportunities and comes out with appropriate strategies for exploring those opportunities profitably. It has to implement marketing programme and evaluate continuously the effectiveness of marketing-mix. It has to remove the deficiencies observed in the actual execution of marketing plans, policies, and procedures. It looks after the marketing system of the enterprise.</p><p><br /></p><p>Institute of Marketing Management, England, has defined Marketing Management as “Marketing Management is the creative management function which promotes trade and employment by assessing consumer needs and initiating research and development to meet them. It co-ordinates the resources of production and distribution of goods and services, determines and directs the total efforts required to sell profitably to ultimate user”.</p><p><br /></p><p>According to Philip Kotler, “Marketing Management is the art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationship with them. Marketing management is a process involving analysis, planning, implementing and control and it covers goods, services, ideas and the goal is to produce satisfaction to the parties involved”.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>From the above definitions, we can conclude that Marketing Management is the process of management of marketing programmes for accomplishing organizational goals and objectives.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Management Involves:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The setting of marketing goals and objectives,</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Developing the marketing plan,</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>3. Organising the marketing function,</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Putting the marketing plan into action and</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Controlling the marketing programme.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Management is both a science as well as an art. Those responsible for marketing should have good understanding of the various concepts and practices in marketing, communication, and analytical skills and ability to maintain effective relationship with customers, which will enable them to plan and execute marketing plans.</p><p><br /></p><p>Continuous practice in the areas of personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, etc. would enable them to become artists. Scientific and artistic aspects of marketing would influence each other, leading to a new generation of marketing managers.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Concept</p><p>This concept advocates that a manufacturer should begin his task with the consumer focus. He has to primarily study the consumer and understand the needs, desires, requirements and conveniences of the latter. A manufacturer should design a new product or improve an existing one strictly keeping in mind the needs, desires etc. of the consumer. The product should exactly satisfy the consumer.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Therefore, a manufacturer should design and manufacture a product which will be accepted by the consumer rather than the one which can be manufactured by him easily. A consumer is basically fastidious and fickle minded. This makes that task of understanding the consumer and designing an appropriate product much more difficult, however this is the only way a manufacturer can succeed in a competitive market.</p><p><br /></p><p>Selling should be preceded by customer study, marketing research and product development. The entire focus should be on the consumer and his needs.</p><p><br /></p><p>“There will always, one can assume, be need for some selling. But the aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The aim of marketing is to know and understand the consumer so well that that the product or service fits him and sells itself. Ideally marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy. All that should be needed then is to make the product or service available” – Peter Drucker.</p><p><br /></p><p>This concept is also called customer orientation.</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept which is also called the modern marketing concept as practised by most of the firms in the present situation is actually a combination of all the other concepts. The modern marketing concept consists of an integrated effort on the part of the marketer to identify the consumer needs and satisfy them through appropriately designed products and for this task use all the marketing techniques related to product, selling, market study, consumer behavior, product designing, pricing etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>“The Marketing concept is a customer orientation backed by integrated marketing aimed at generating customer satisfaction as the key to satisfying organizational goals”. – Philip Kotler</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>“Modern marketing concept is a corporate state of mind that insists on the integration and co-ordination of all marketing functions which in turn are welded with the other corporate functions for the basic objective of producing maximum long range corporate profits.” -Felton</p><p><br /></p><p>The following are the features of marketing concept (modern marketing concept, integrated marketing concept, customer orientation):</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Focus on customer needs – The needs of the consumer are studied and these become the basis of all product related activities such as designing, pricing, distribution, packaging etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Providing consumer satisfaction – Every organization aims at providing maximum consumer satisfaction by understanding his needs and designing an appropriate product. The success of an organization is directly related to the consumer satisfaction it provides.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Integrated Marketing Management – Marketing management is only a part of the total managerial functions of an organization such as finance management, production management, human resources management etc. All these functions are integrated in order to provide maximum satisfaction to the consumer. Thus all the functional areas of an organization are integrated.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Achieving organizational goals – Modern marketing states that an organization must aim at maximizing consumer satisfaction and in the process enable itself to achieve its goals such as growth, market share and reasonable amount of profit or return on investment.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>v. Innovation – Innovation is an important tool to provide consumer satisfaction. Innovative methods must be used to understand the consumer, design an appropriate product and offer it to the consumer.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Features: Managerial Process, Consumer Centric, Research Analysis, Planning and Development and a Few Others</p><p>1. Managerial Process:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management is a managerial process involving planning, organising, decision making, forecasting, directing, coordinating and controlling. Stanley Vance defines management as the process of decision making and controlling. Every aspect of marketing, starting with identifying the consumer’s need and wants, identifying the targeted customer, product planning, development, pricing, promotion, distribution process requires planning, decision making, coordination and controlling.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Consumer Centric:</p><p><br /></p><p>All marketing activities are consumer centric. The consumers are the king. Marketing activities are based on the premise of “make what the market wants”. The principal objective of marketing is to create new customers and to retain current customer. Marketing management performs the task of converting the potential customers into actual customer.</p><p><br /></p><p>This is possible through satisfaction of customer’s needs and wants by delivering them, appropriate goods and services according to their needs and wants, at right time and through convenient channel.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADVERTISEMENTS:</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>3. Research Analysis:</p><p><br /></p><p>The basis function of marketing is identification of consumer’s needs and wants .This requires continuous and systematic collection of data, analysis and reporting of data relevant to marketing activities. This helps the management to understand consumer’s needs, wants, preferences and behaviour of the consumer towards firm’s marketing mix strategies. This helps in forecasting and planning future course of action.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Planning and Development:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing involves planning and development of goods and services. Organizations make a continuous endeavour towards planning, development and innovation of product and services so as to meet the changing demand, taste and preferences of the consumers.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Building Marketing Framework:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing activities are not just selling and distribution of ownership of goods and services from the producer to the ultimate consumer. But it involves a series of activities like research analysis, production, development and innovation, advertisement and promotion pricing decision, selling and distribution, customer relationship and after sales service.</p><p><br /></p><p>All these functional areas of marketing must be effectively planned, organised and built effectively to achieve best results. Marketing structure depends upon the size of the enterprise, geographical coverage of the operation, number of product lines, nature of product, size of customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Organizational Objectives:</p><p><br /></p><p>All marketing activities are based on overall organisational objectives. The marketer bridges the gap between overall organisational objectives of achieving high profit and maximization of sales and consumer’s interest of satisfying needs.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Promotional and Communication Process:</p><p><br /></p><p>The ultimate objective of a firm is to maximise sales volume and profit. This can be achieved through promotion and communication about the goods and services. This function of marketing management enables the firm to provide information about the product to the customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Controlling of Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management performs the function of controlling of marketing activities. Marketing management evaluates the effectiveness of marketing activities, to judge the efficiency of marketing personnel and the plans. This process involves measuring the actual performance with the standard and identifying the deviations and taking corrective actions.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Importance: Analysing Market Opportunities, Determination of Target Market, Planning and Decision Making and a Few More</p><p>Marketing management smoothen the process of exchange of ownership of goods and services from seller to the buyer.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Analysing Market Opportunities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management collects and analyses information related to consumer’s needs, wants and demands, competitor’s marketing strategies, changing market trends and preferences. This helps to identify market opportunities.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Determination of Target Market:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management helps to identify the target market that the organization wishes to offer its product.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Planning and Decision Making:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management helps to prepare future course of action. Planning relates to product introduction, diversification. Decision making regarding pricing, selection of promotional mix, selection of distribution channel is taken by the marketing management.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Creation of Customer:</p><p><br /></p><p>Consumers determine the future of the market .Therefore providing the best product to the consumer according to their preference is the important task of marketing. Marketing management helps in creation of new customers and retention of current customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Helps in Increasing Profit:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing caters to the varied and unlimited needs of consumers. Marketing management helps to increase profit and sales volume. This is achieved by expansion of market and increasing customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Improvement in Quality of Life:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management aims at providing innovative product and services to the customers. Marketers continuously strive to incorporate new technology and mechanism in their product to provide more satisfaction to customers than before. This improves quality of life and makes life of consumers easier than before.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Employment Opportunities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing process is a combination of different activities like research work to assess the marketing environment, product planning and development, promotion, distribution of product to customers and after sales service. Marketing process requires researcher, production engineer, different distribution intermediaries, sales personnel also creates employment opportunities in advertisement section. Thus marketing management opened up different employment avenues thus creating employment opportunities.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Functions: Assessing the Marketing Opportunities, Planning the Marketing Activities, Organising the Marketing Activities and a Few Others</p><p>Marketing is related to markets and therefore marketing management calls for integration of the various elements of market. It has the task of organising these elements into an effective operating system so that it can serve both customer and business enterprise effectively.</p><p><br /></p><p>Various functions of marketing management are:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Assessing the Marketing Opportunities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Determination of marketing objectives and assessment of the marketing opportunities for the firm, is an important function of marketing management. The constantly changing market conditions and opportunities make it imperative for the marketing management to come out with planned progammes to meet the challenges, and reap the opportunities.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Planning the Marketing Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning is an important managerial function. Planning of marketing activities is a crucial task and involves numerous steps. It involves planning effective strategies to achieve the desired marketing objectives. It is concerned with formulation of policies relating to product, price, channels of distribution, promotional measures, forecast of target sales etc. Planning provides the basis for an effective marketing for the enterprise.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Organising the Marketing Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Another significant function of marketing is organising it implies determination of various activities to be performed and assigning these activities to right person, so that marketing objectives are achieved. In the light of the changing concept of marketing, it is necessary that the organisation structure is flexible and accommodative. This will help in better interaction between organisation and environment.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Co-Ordinating Different Activities of Enterprise:</p><p><br /></p><p>Even the best of planning will not be rewarding if there is improper coordination between different activities of the organisation. Marketing involves various activities and these are inter-related and interdependent. Product decisions, pricing strategies, channel structure research activities all require proper coordination. Only then the objectives can be achieved.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Directing and Motivating the Employee:</p><p><br /></p><p>A good direction is a must for effective performance of marketing functions. Direction helps in rightful performance of the work. Different leadership style are practised to guide the subordinates. A leader directs his subordinates and ensures through effective supervision, that the performance is as per planned specification. At the same time, it is necessary that employers are properly motivated. Motivation not only helps in better performance by the employee but also holds him back to the organisation for longer periods.</p><p><br /></p><p>These days organisations are very serious as far as their motivation policies are concerned. New ways of motivation are being introduced so that the employee gives his best of services.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Evaluating and Controlling Marketing Efforts:</p><p><br /></p><p>In order to have a profitable venture, marketing manager must on a continuous basis, evaluate the marketing efforts. This will help him in knowing the deficiencies if any, which can be corrected beforehand only and proper adjustments can be made with the changing environment. Controlling is a managerial function concerned with comparison of actual performance with the standard performance and locating the shortcomings if any, finally corrective measures are taken to overcome the shortcomings.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Process</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing Management process involves the following:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Managerial marketing process starts with the determination of mission and goals of the entire enterprise and then defines the marketing objectives to be accomplished.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Evaluate corporate capabilities on the basis of our strengths and weaknesses.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Determine marketing opportunities which have to be capitalised. We have to identify and evaluate unsatisfied and potential customers’ needs and desires. Market segmentation will enable us to select target markets on which we can concentrate our efforts. Marketing opportunities are influenced by marketing environment, competition, government policies, mass-media, consumerism, public opinion, distribution structure, etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Once the company has full information regarding marketing opportunities, they can formulate marketing strategies in the form of dynamic action-oriented formal plans to achieve mission, goal, and objectives. A strategy is a pattern of purposes and policies, a planned course of action in pursuit of clearly stated objectives in the face of limited resources, and intelligent competition.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing strategy points out the level, mix, and allocation of marketing efforts in marketing action plans. The company has appropriate marketing-mix for each target market. The marketing-mix is expected to sell more than competitors.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Marketing action plans or programmes are to be implemented through proper communication, coordination as well as motivation of marketing personnel.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Performance according to plan is duly assured by effective marketing control. An effective control system is essential to measure and evaluate the actual results of the marketing strategy. The results are evaluated against our desired objectives. Feedback of evaluation enables marketing management to revise, adopt, or modify goals and objectives and replan on the basis of feedback of evaluation.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Marketing process is on-going or dynamic and it must adapt itself to the ever-changing environmental needs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Notes:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Marketing programme starts from the product concept and it does not end until customer wants are adequately satisfied.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Profitable sales over the long-run and repeat-purchase by customers are vital to success in marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Marketing research and marketing information service alone can act as effective tool in all decisions of Marketing Management</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Marketing policies cover marketing analysis and research, product analysis, marketing channels, personal selling, sales promotion and advertising, pricing and non-price competition.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Scope: Marketing Research, Determination of Objectives, Planning Marketing Activities, Pricing of Product and a Few Others</p><p>Marketing management, like all other areas of management comprises of the function of planning, organising, directing coordinating and controlling.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Marketing research:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing research involves identification of needs, wants taste and preferences of the targeted customer. Marketing management conducts a continuous analysis of consumer’s behaviour towards firm’s marketing mix strategies, business environment; competitor’s marketing strategies in order to plan effectively the marketing activities of future.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Determination of Objectives:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management performs the task of setting marketing objectives. The marketing objectives are set in accordance with the overall organisational objectives of profit maximization. Marketing objectives relates to attracting new customers, retention of current customer, expansion of customer base, introduction of new product, improvement of old product and so on. Marketing management aims at maximising the customer’s value by providing high satisfaction to the customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Planning Marketing Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning involves determining the future course of action. Planning helps in accomplishment of objectives in a systematic manner. Planning of marketing activities relates to determining product line strategies, planning for product diversification, advertisement and promotional activities, planning related to selling and distribution process.</p><p><br /></p><p>Planning may be conducted on short term, medium term and long term basis depending upon the requirements. Plans should be flexible so as to adjust with the changing business environment.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Product Planning and Development:</p><p><br /></p><p>Product is the basic element of marketing. Products are goods or services that are offered to the customer for satisfying their needs and wants. Products are customer oriented and offered to the customer’s as per their requirement and preferences. Product planning involves new product development, product innovation, product diversification plan.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Pricing of Product:</p><p><br /></p><p>Pricing is a complex function of marketing management. In most of the cases prices form the decision making criterion for purchase decision. Pricing decisions are based on cost of the manufacturing and distribution of product, competitor’s pricing strategies, customer’s willingness to pay for the product, customer’s perception about the product.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Promotion:</p><p><br /></p><p>Promotion and advertisement are essential in order to maximise sales. Promotion and advertisement is essential to provide information to the customers about the product, to attract new customers, to provide reminder to customers about the product and to continue purchase, to provide information about product improvement or introduction of new brand. Marketing management develops new techniques and tools for promotion of their product.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Distribution:</p><p><br /></p><p>Distribution process facilitates easy availability of goods and services to the customers at right time and at right and convenient location. Selection of distribution channel depends upon the nature of the product, price of the product, availability of intermediaries for distribution and cost involved in the distribution process.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Evaluation and Controlling of Marketing Activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing management performs the task of evaluation and controlling of the marketing activities. Evaluation enables identification of effectiveness of marketing plans and actions.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Marketing Mix: Product Mix, Pricing Mix and Promotion Mix</p><p>The marketing manager makes marketing plans within the framework of controllable and non-controllable variables. The non-controllable variables are social, technological, political, cultural and legal factors which affect the marketing strategies. Controllable factors are the product, price, promotion and channels of distribution. Marketing mix is the combination of four controllable variables that make a successful marketing programme.</p><p><br /></p><p>(a) Product Mix:</p><p><br /></p><p>It deals with physical attributes of the product and the benefits associated with use of that product. Ownership of the product gives a sense of pride and satisfaction to the consumer and, therefore, the product should be properly designed, coloured and packed.</p><p><br /></p><p>(b) Pricing Mix:</p><p><br /></p><p>Pricing is an important decision made by the marketing manager. While pricing a product, managers consider factors such as costs, legal framework, prices charged by competitors and the prices that consumers are ready to pay. Managers must price the product to recover the costs and earn a reasonable return on capital. This ensures long-run survival and growth of the enterprise.</p><p><br /></p><p>(c) Promotion Mix:</p><p><br /></p><p>It refers to firm’s communication with the consumers regarding the product. It motivates them to buy the goods.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sales can be promoted in three ways:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Advertisement:</p><p><br /></p><p>It presents the product details to consumers through media. It is a non-personal means of communication.</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Personal Selling:</p><p><br /></p><p>The seller directly contacts the buyer and convinces him to buy the goods and services.</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Sales Promotion:</p><p><br /></p><p>It supplements advertisement and personal selling as a means of promoting sales. It increases sales by holding contests, lotteries etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>Different combinations of sales promotion techniques can be used at a point of time.</p><p><br /></p><p>(d) Channel Mix:</p><p><br /></p><p>After the product is designed, priced and advertised, it arouses consumers’ interest to buy it. The channel mix identifies the path or the route through which goods are transferred from sellers to buyers. The seller may sell directly to the buyer or through intermediation of wholesalers and retailers. More than one channel of distribution can be adopted at the same time; for example, a wholesaler can sell through retailers and also directly to consumers.</p><p><br /></p><p>The channel mix not only selects a channel of distribution, it also maintains it to ensure consistency in the selling practices followed by the sales people.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Marketing Decision Making: Product Variation, Marketing Channels, Prices and Promotion</p><p>The manager makes decisions about things he can control—the controllable. In very general terms, what does he decide? Roughly, he decides the kind of a product to produce, the kind of a distribution system to use, the price to charge, advertising messages and media, and the salesmen’s message to customers on whom they call.</p><p><br /></p><p>In making these decisions he learns from experience to use an operating principle which simplifies his task and avoids substantial frustration. It might be called the “law” of marketing management, like other rules of behaviour such as Aristotle’s Golden Mean and the Golden Rule.</p><p><br /></p><p>This “law” of marketing management states- Since some things are controllable and others are not, separate the controllable from the uncontrollable and don’t waste your time and energy trying to change the uncontrollable. Rather attempt to understand it so you can adapt the controllable to the uncontrollable in such a way as to satisfy your company’s needs as effectively as possible. The application of this law is an art in which analytic tools from science can aid.</p><p><br /></p><p>As suggested by the discussion of the marketing system, there is a complex of more or less uncontrollable forces operating on the manager. These can be summarized, as in the outer hexagon of Figure 6, as competition, demand, non-marketing cost, structure of distribution, public policy, and company organization. Underlying these are, of course, the much more fundamental forces of technological, social, political, and economic change. While over the long term these factors will share the nature of the uncontrollable forces, the manager is forced by such aspects as convenience and lack of adequate data to concern himself mainly with the immediate uncontrollable item.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The inside pentagon of Figure 6 portrays the controllable elements, the ones about which the marketing manager can decide. The art of marketing management is the effective adaptation of these elements to the uncontrollable in the marketing environment so as to optimize the company’s welfare. This optimum welfare can be thought of as the maximum area attainable in the inner pentagon within the constraints of its environment, the outer hexagon.</p><p><br /></p><p>With Figure 6 for perspective, we will first examine each of the controllables.</p><p><br /></p><p>These relate to:</p><p><br /></p><p>(1) Product or service variation,</p><p><br /></p><p>(2) Selection and management of marketing channels for distributing the product,</p><p><br /></p><p>(3) Setting prices, and</p><p><br /></p><p>(4) Fixing and allocating the promotional budget to advertising and selling.</p><p><br /></p><p>(1) Product Variation:</p><p><br /></p><p>A company’s modification of the nature of its offering is achieved through product and service decisions which are essentially of two types. Some decisions are concerned with change of an existing product to conform more nearly to the demands of the market. These changes may be superficial or fundamental (for example, the use of a new package as opposed to a revolutionary redesign of the product).</p><p><br /></p><p>Other decisions concern dropping or adding an item to the product line. These decisions of product change and change in product line are common, since few companies in the United States produce a single product. They are also serious decisions for most firms. A marketing manager must be constantly on the alert to exploit new-product opportunities and to avoid continuing an unprofitable item.</p><p><br /></p><p>(2) Marketing Channels:</p><p><br /></p><p>All companies must choose the set of channels they think will be most effective. The possibilities, as we have seen, are almost unlimited. Selecting the correct channel requires careful analysis, particularly since the decision usually involves a heavy investment of time by managers and salesmen and goes far in fixing the rest of the marketing plan for some time into the future.</p><p><br /></p><p>The spatial aspects of the structure of distribution, for example, the geographical concentration of buyers in each market, will make a great difference in determining the best set of channels for a particular situation.</p><p><br /></p><p>(3) Prices:</p><p><br /></p><p>Prices must be set. Competitors’ prices typically establish significant limits to the range of choice, but there is usually some discretion. There are many pricing problems. Not only must a number of products be priced, but if a marketing channel other than direct-to-user is employed, consideration must often be given to the prices set at each level of the marketing channel. Finally, some buyers may receive a different price (or discount as it is usually called), based on such factors as the quantity they purchase.</p><p><br /></p><p>(4) Promotion:</p><p><br /></p><p>Most companies must use some type of promotional effort. The function of both types of promotion—advertising and personal selling—is to provide potential buyers with information about the product—its quality, its availability, and its price. A salesman may well perform other functions, such as delivery and repair, but, to simplify he will be viewed here as a conveyer and receiver of information.</p><p><br /></p><p>Thus advertising and personal selling are alternative methods of performing the function of conveying information, but a particular blend of the two may be more effective than either of them alone. In many companies promotion decision require much of the marketing manager’s time.</p><p><br /></p><p>Advertising is concerned with deciding how much advertising to use, what media to use (newspapers, radio, television, direct mail, billboard, car cards, point-of-purchase display, etc.,); the frequency with which the advertisements will appear (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.,); and the message to be employed (this involves the artwork and copy prepared for printed media and the commercials prepared for radio and television. Personal selling deals with the selection, supervision, and training of salesmen; the allocation of salesmen to territories; and the evaluation of salesmen.</p><p><br /></p><p>“Promotion” is also often used in the trade literature in a restricts sense of special pricing arrangements to retailers and consumers.</p><p><br /></p><p>The uncontrollable or environmental elements that the decision maker must adapt to, as shown in the outer hexagon of Figure 6, are not uncontrollable in an absolute sense. Instead they can best be viewed as controllable, but only at a cost.</p><p><br /></p><p>They are:</p><p><br /></p><p>(i) Demand,</p><p><br /></p><p>(ii) Competition,</p><p><br /></p><p>(iii) Non marketing costs,</p><p><br /></p><p>(iv) Structure of distribution,</p><p><br /></p><p>(v) Public policy, and</p><p><br /></p><p>(vi) Company organization.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Orientation: Production, Product, Selling, Marketing and Societal Marketing Orientation</p><p>Marketing is all about interacting with markets, notwithstanding whether it is for profit or for non-profit. Firms such as Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) and Procter & Gamble (P&G) operate in consumer markets whereas Schneider Electric and Larsen & Toubro (L&T) are business to business marketers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Humans have various ideas as to how life should be conducted. Some kind of philosophical core governs behaviours setting up moral and ethical boundaries. It is this philosophical idea that sets apart right from wrong and what is acceptable and what is not.</p><p><br /></p><p>The absence of a strong philosophical core is likely to render a person inconsistent and confused. In a similar vein, organizations need philosophy to guide their thinking and behaviour. Organizations can be distinguished in terms of their corporate mindset or business orientation.</p><p><br /></p><p>The orientation, in case of a person, influences his or her fundamental attitude, belief, feeling, and action with respect to a particular subject or issue, whereas an organization’s interaction with its market in terms of extended responses is influenced by its governing philosophy or orientation.</p><p><br /></p><p>This implies that an organization can choose to conduct its business or marketing activity in different ways. Five different philosophies or concepts have been distinguished, namely production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, and societal marketing concept.</p><p><br /></p><p>The ideas contained in these concepts give rise to different cultures in terms of how business is conducted with consumers. These concepts suggest that there are different ways to achieve organizational goals.</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Production Orientation:</p><p><br /></p><p>Production concept is probably the oldest business governing idea, which dates back to the period of short supply of goods. Earlier when demand exceeded supply, there was no incentive for the firms to factor in consumers into their operation. A business that is run on production oriented philosophy works with markets with the belief that product availability and affordability are key determinants of consumer buying.</p><p><br /></p><p>This assumption creates strategic orientation that a firm should focus on while making the product available and affordable. The availability and affordability imperative brings two functions, namely distribution and production, at the centre of marketing strategy.</p><p><br /></p><p>Accordingly, the first management task is to find an efficient distribution strategy that ensures product availability so that consumers can buy products with ease. Second, work on the production systems to bring down cost so that more consumers could buy them. The cost reduction creates affordability and thereby expands market.</p><p><br /></p><p>The production concept was common to firms during the early period of industrialization when different products were born. Ford in its early times practised production concept where the company sought to bring down car prices so that it could attract a large number of customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ford’s Model T was among the early cars that was manufactured on an assembly line, which reduced the car’s production cost by efficiencies in production processes. Production concept could still hold true in industries where consumer buying is predominantly done on the basis of price (they do not attach importance to non-price differentiation) and ease of buying.</p><p><br /></p><p>Such a situation is often seen in commodity markets such as sand, cement, and iron ore. Mergers and acquisitions in the field of commodities such as cement, aluminium, and steel are guided by a motive to create large production systems that become instrumental in driving the cost of production down through economies of scale and experience curve effects.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Product Orientation:</p><p><br /></p><p>Businesses operate in a dynamic environment. Two of the important marketplace forces are consumers and competition. With the passage of time the consumer and competitive conditions evolved. As participating firms in a market went up so did the product availability.</p><p><br /></p><p>The markets gradually shifted from excess demand to surplus supply. In this new evolved scenario, the old mantra of availability and affordability became ineffective. The ideas enshrined in production concept gradually got diffused across different firms rendering participating firms similar in their marketing approach.</p><p><br /></p><p>This called for revisiting the business orientation and discovering something new which would allow firms to deal with the emerged scenario effectively. The key ideas of availability and affordability were found to be necessary but not sufficient to succeed. This led to a change in business orientation and product concept came into existence. The product concept shifted the focus to product quality, thus stating that ‘the consumer would favour products with the highest quality at a given price’.</p><p><br /></p><p>The product concept is based on the belief that consumers are motivated to buy those products that offer most quality. This proposition changed the marketing focus to developing better products and improving them over time. Prima facie this concept makes good sense. People do look for better quality products and services.</p><p><br /></p><p>This concept created a kind of product obsession wherein production managers sought to concentrate on quality improvement and built better product than ever before. However, soon this blind faith in the power of product quality exposed its fallacy. The belief that a better product is always bought by consumers actually turned out to be wrong.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, ‘If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbour, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door’.</p><p><br /></p><p>This statement probably inspired the product concept, which lays absolute faith in the power of quality so much so that it blinds its followers to the reality. For many marketing companies product orientation turns out to be a trap. The advice given by Emerson that if you build a better mouse-trap the world would make a beaten path to your door wrongly shifts marketing focus from consumer to product.</p><p><br /></p><p>What guarantees that a better mouse-trap will always get sold? Suppose somebody manages to invent an excellent quality mouse-trap, does it mean that people would flock at his door to take it? The answer is no, unless they face the menace of mice. People are not interested in products, rather they want a solution to their problems.</p><p><br /></p><p>The better mouse-trap is a fallacy that may wrongly orient an organization into believing that people buy products when instead they buy solutions of their problems.</p><p><br /></p><p>The product concept ignores the role of other marketing activities. People are unlikely to throng to buy a superior quality product automatically. The creation of superior quality product cannot be a ‘be all’ strategy. Even if a good quality product has been created for people to make a beaten path to firm’s door, many other enabling things will have to be done to make that happen.</p><p><br /></p><p>First, people who could buy the product must be made aware and be informed about its superiority. Second, the product needs to be attractively designed, packaged, priced, and made available so that consumers can see, touch, and feel and become willing to buy it.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Selling Orientation:</p><p><br /></p><p>As time progressed several industries witnessed expansion of production capacity. This intensified competition and put pressure on firms to offer better quality products. It tilted the marketing situation in favour of the buyers. Reluctance was observed on the part of the buyer to respond promptly to marketed products and services.</p><p><br /></p><p>The failure of earlier ideas in getting consumer response caused managers to rethink what they thought to be the key to doing business. This search led to the discovery of selling concept. The selling concept reposed faith in the power of persuasion. The followers of selling orientation have the belief that ‘it is a belief that consumers will not purchase or purchase enough of an organization’s product unless their interest is stimulated and they are persuaded to buy.’</p><p><br /></p><p>The selling concept starts with an assumption that consumers are indifferent or reluctant to marketed products or services. This is especially true for things that are perceived to be inessential. Several products and services such as insurance and preventive health check-ups face consumer resistance because they are perceived to be unnecessary.</p><p><br /></p><p>Two categories of products can be distinguished, namely bought products and sold products. Bought products are the ones consumers are self-motivated to buy for their perceived importance and interest (e.g., cosmetics and spectacles), whereas sold products are the ones consumers are unlikely to buy on their own.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is for this indifference and reluctance that the sold products are pushed or offloaded on to buyers by putting in selling efforts. People rarely buy insurance and maintenance contract out of their self-motivation.</p><p><br /></p><p>The sales orientation lays stress on overcoming consumer resistance through information, persuasion, and often hard selling. Selling is based on the premise that a consumer can be manipulated and cajoled into buying what is being sold. It reposes great faith in the power of salesmanship and advertising.</p><p><br /></p><p>Consumers can be either psyched out or lured into giving a favourable response. It is not uncommon to come across aggressive pushy salesmen in trades such as car dealerships, insurance, credit cards, real estate, fund raisers, and grocery stores. The selling orientation exclusively focuses attention on ways to push the product across with little or no regard for consumer interest. A practitioner of selling is guided by his own self-interest rather than the interest of the buyer.</p><p><br /></p><p>The selling concept can have disastrous consequences in the long term. A customer can be lured into buying by the power of persuasion or aggression only once but not repeatedly. The customers victimized by the power of seller aggression become dissatisfied and vent their anger by spreading negative word- of-mouth publicity.</p><p><br /></p><p>The negative publicity influences future sales by turning potential customers into non-customers. This can erode future business opportunities. Selling approach can yield successful outcomes in situations when an organization enjoys unending supply of customers and it does not have to depend upon repeat sales.</p><p><br /></p><p>This orientation is practised by sellers at the railway stations and places of tourist attraction. Their survival does not depend on repeat business from the same customer.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Marketing Orientation:</p><p><br /></p><p>Selling orientation is likely to be ineffective when an organization has to depend upon repeat business. The constraint of repeat business changes the marketing paradigm in favour of the customer. It becomes a legitimate concern of businesses to discover what actually is critical to get the customers to keep coming back.</p><p><br /></p><p>The new reality of competitive intensification and market saturation led to the discovery of marketing concept in 1950s that placed the customer at the centre of the marketing universe. The earlier philosophies were centred on something that belonged inside the firm such as product, technology, production, or sales effort.</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept reversed the inside-out approach to outside-in approach, which implied that the business of an organization is not dictated by insiders or managers rather is dependent on outsiders or customers. The marketing concept believes that</p><p><br /></p><p>‘It is fundamental for the organization to determine the needs and wants of target customers and develop and deliver satisfaction better than competitors.’</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept holds customer satisfaction as the key to achieving organizational goals. The dominant business logic according to marketing concept is that an organization depends upon customers for its survival. It is the customers who open up revenue streams.</p><p><br /></p><p>Revenue is not found inside an organization rather it resides outside, in the customer’s pocket. Customer is the source of revenue. The only way to get customers to open their wallet is to offer those satisfying products and services. Therefore, customer satisfaction becomes the first precondition to do business in a competitive scenario. Customers do not patronize a dissatisfying organization if they have an option.</p><p><br /></p><p>Let us consider how a customer chooses a product such as a toothpaste or a mobile phone. The choice is generally based on a subtle or elaborate calculation as to which out of the available brands offers the best satisfaction. Therefore, customer satisfaction is an essential starting point for doing business in the current business environment.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing concept was initially met with a lot of resistance by managers because it sought to create a power shift from managers to customers. The earlier belief that decisions like what to produce, how to produce, how to sell, and where to distribute were the prerogative of people inside the organization and customer’s role was confined to ‘take it or leave it’.</p><p><br /></p><p>In the absence of choice, customers were forced into compliance or subordination by organizations. Marketing concept makes customer supreme and seeks to achieve organizational goals through customer satisfaction. Profit goals will only be achieved if customers willingly accept product or services.</p><p><br /></p><p>Getting the customer to do business with the firm is supreme and that is likely to happen only when managers give up their ego and work with subordinates as a team to target customers. Marketing ensures that all decisions are taken for customer satisfaction.</p><p><br /></p><p>The essence of marketing concept is that the business of an organization is not what managers want it to be rather what customers want it to be. Customers are the ultimate arbiters who decide whether the decisions taken in an organization are correct or not. In marketing, a product or service represents condensation of all decisions taken by managers.</p><p><br /></p><p>These are put to test at the point of purchase. For instance, in compact detergent market Surf competes with Ariel; these brands essentially represent the condensation of decisions made by their respective managers, which include decisions regarding colour, quality, packaging, price, brand name, form, communication and availability.</p><p><br /></p><p>The correctness of these decisions is determined not by managers who take them rather customers. A positive customer response affirms that the managers’ decisions regarding that particular brand were right. A situation where the managers claim correctness of their decisions but the customer does not respond favourably is not possible. A decision is right only if it creates a satisfied customer.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing concept introduced a paradigm shift that the whole business has to be seen from the point of its final result, that is, customer’s point of view. The marketing concept is put into practice by shifting the focus of value creation process to market or customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>The processes are- (i) choice of the market (e.g., Apple operates in mobile handset market), (ii) selection of the target customer group (e.g., Apple does not cater to all customers in mobile handset market rather it targets the premium ones), (iii) determination of what customers in the target group need and want or what constitutes the concept of satisfaction (e.g., Apple understands what its target customers want in terms of usage ease, product touch and feel, instrument looks, and communication eco system), (iv) develop products or services in response to customer needs and wants (e.g., Apple devices like iPhone 6 is an outcome of product development in consonance with customer expectations), (v) plan how the product or service in question offers better satisfaction than competition (e.g., Apple devices score over its competitors in a number of customer significant ways such as aesthetics, appeal, and imagery).</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing concept offers a pragmatic solution as to how to survive in a competitive situation by putting customer at the centre of the business universe and singularly committing to create customer satisfaction the marketing concept can inadvertently jeopardize societal interest.</p><p><br /></p><p>v. Societal Marketing Orientation:</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept adopts a narrow perspective of exchange as a transaction that happens between an organization and customer. It dictates that determining a customer’s needs and wants and delivering desired satisfactions is the key to achieve organization goals. There are two problems with this limited perspective.</p><p><br /></p><p>The marketing concept legitimizes every product and services if it creates customer satisfaction. This means if a customer group demands hard drugs or firearms selling the same then becomes justified. Therefore, this logic ignores larger societal effects of such business.</p><p><br /></p><p>From social perspective, drugs are undesirable because their use causes addiction with a host of personal and family ramifications. Marketing of firearms without adequate checks may promote crime and killings.</p><p><br /></p><p>Some of the products that have attracted criticism for their undesirable social effects include fast food (e.g., hamburgers and fries) and high calories laden drinks for causing poor health; tobacco, alcohol drinks, and cigarette for causing addiction; plastic containers and bottles for causing environmental degradation; high pollution and gas guzzling SUVs for causing pollution; fur and rare animal skin as well as exotic meat for threatening animal welfare; mining for causing ecological disturbance; blood diamonds for human rights violation; gambling services for causing addiction and insolvency; and prostitution for causing exploitation.</p><p><br /></p><p>Societal marketing originated after it was realized that what is good for an individual customer or a select group may not be good for society. This concept seeks to insert societal interest in the marketing concept so that customer satisfaction does not compromise societal well-being in the long run.</p><p><br /></p><p>The societal marketing concept holds that the ‘key to achieving organization goals is in determining customer needs and wants and delivering satisfaction better than competitors in a manner that it preserves or enhances long term well-being of consumer and society’.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing concept takes an individualistic perspective to business with a complete disregard for society. On the other hand, societal concept introduces the concept of what economists call ‘externality’. One of the categories of goods in economics is ‘demerit goods’. These goods refer to the goods whose consumption results in incurring of costs by those who actually do not consume them.</p><p><br /></p><p>For instance, people who get addicted to drugs become a cost burden to either their family or the state. Smoking is a major cause of a variety of health problems, which requires expensive treatment. Societal marketing concept introduces an element of conscience into marketing and urges organizations to factor in the social effects of their actions.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Marketing Management – Issues: Size, Number of Buyers, Demographic Grouping and Geography</p><p>The best way to understand marketing is to visualize it as a practise that marketing firms undertake while working with markets. For instance, a company like Pepsi develops products, packages, distributes, and advertises them to satisfy consumers. These are all practices that fall within the ambit of marketing.</p><p><br /></p><p>A market is a place or space that is made up of all present or potential buyers. A number of issues are connected to the concept of market such as size, consumer diversity and geographic spread, type of demand, volume and value.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Size:</p><p><br /></p><p>The number of buyers in a market gives rise to its size, which can either be expressed in terms of volume (e.g., number of cars sold in India in a given year) or value (e.g., total car sales expressed in rupee terms). Markets differ in terms of their value and volume size. Commodities such as rice and wheat enjoy big size in terms of volume, whereas a product like gold does not have a big volume but has large value. These differences are caused by per unit value that a product commands.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Number of Buyers:</p><p><br /></p><p>Size is also related to the number of buyers in a market. For instance, there are specialized products that appeal to a limited number of customers like shoes for astronauts or watches for deep divers. When a market consists of a small number of customers with highly specialized needs it is often labelled as niche market.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Demographic Grouping:</p><p><br /></p><p>Consumers in a market can be divided into different groups based on their demographic aspects such as age, income, occupation, and gender. Presence of demographic groups in the market creates differences in demand that may render one product differently attractive to these groups. For instance, Fair and Handsome brand of fairness cream is targeted at the male segment of consumers.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Geography:</p><p><br /></p><p>Consumers can be geographically located at different places, which can create differences in their needs and wants. This can be discerned by studying the consumption basket of consumers situated at different locations. For instance, air conditioner and refrigerator sellers’ market their products in tropical locations with ‘tropicalized’ compressors that are equipped to work in hot weather.</p><p><br /></p><p>Market is a complex concept, which makes working with the markets a challenging task. The process of satisfying consumer needs and wants cannot be haphazard and instinctual. The process of dealing with the markets must be properly managed or else both effectiveness and efficiency of the process will get compromised.</p><p><br /></p><p>Accordingly, marketers properly analyse, plan, organize, implement, and control their marketing efforts. Marketers set targets in terms of sales or profits that eventually get converted into a number of exchanges with the customers. This requires a systematic analysis, planning, implementation, and control of marketing efforts or programmes.</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing is not an expense free activity. It requires resource spending on different activities and programs designed to achieve mutually satisfying exchanges between marketers and customers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Accordingly, proper marketing requires the following activities:</p><p><br /></p><p>i. Analysis:</p><p><br /></p><p>Marketing begins with identification of the market in which a marketer wants to enter. It requires a detailed investigation and examination of various markets and selection of an attractive target. Some of the aspects include opportunity identification by evaluating market size, growth rate, competition, distribution channels, profit potential, and other trends. Market analysis is the first essential step in determining where the firm seeks to market its product or service.</p><p><br /></p><p>ii. Planning:</p><p><br /></p><p>Once the market has been selected, the marketer has to plan how it will satisfy customers in the selected market. This requires planning about different marketing tools and their combinations that shall be mixed to achieve desired results.</p><p><br /></p><p>Some important questions that need to be addressed include what product to make, its quality level, price to be charged, promotion elements, and how it will be made available. Essentially, marketing planning is about determining strategy that requires detailing the steps that would be undertaken to achieve the set marketing goals.</p><p><br /></p><p>iii. Implementation:</p><p><br /></p><p>Once planning is complete the marketer should move from drawing board to action. This requires organizing of marketing activities and their execution. For instance, a distribution plan execution of a company like Pepsi will include undertaking activities such as handling of cartons at factory, loading on trucks, transportation, and delivery at sale points.</p><p><br /></p><p>iv. Control:</p><p><br /></p><p>Control is needed to ensure that actual execution is done as planned. Deviations are possible due to a variety of factors. Therefore, keeping a track of the progress of marketing activities is required for achieving the marketing goals. For instance, brands are advertised to create awareness, the effectiveness of which is assessed through control mechanism such as recall and recognition measures. The deviations are then identified and corrective action is undertaken.</p><p><br /></p>Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-44793799936281434922022-05-11T23:33:00.005-07:002022-05-11T23:35:02.902-07:00Top and Best Famous Indian Historians for all times<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-T9CP5U1j72TOinvVvz0BabWAUabp--GcvS5Dbcrty96Sr_zxw8qnSHqmmgKRVAgzNFp48K_4POQpxyDeX4qCMFwn-90gBa1DG3u5emGtxcI2tjNEzm8ypeMiNBv0W4sJC8XUQsZjHXhWhpSd2x-fK2APYZTuIMLMnOVuYnqNTfKeqvlf5OhHKHa9Q/s405/afced7f7-bfaa-4c0d-9b6c-ee646509d838.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="274" height="727" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-T9CP5U1j72TOinvVvz0BabWAUabp--GcvS5Dbcrty96Sr_zxw8qnSHqmmgKRVAgzNFp48K_4POQpxyDeX4qCMFwn-90gBa1DG3u5emGtxcI2tjNEzm8ypeMiNBv0W4sJC8XUQsZjHXhWhpSd2x-fK2APYZTuIMLMnOVuYnqNTfKeqvlf5OhHKHa9Q/w617-h727/afced7f7-bfaa-4c0d-9b6c-ee646509d838.png" width="617" /></a></div>
<br /><br /><br /><div>Famous As: Historian known for Authoring books about Indian history<br />Birthdate: November 30, 1931<br />Sun Sign: Sagittarius<br />Birthplace: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India<br /><br /><br />Renowned history scholar and JNU professor Romila Thapar has also taught at Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania. She has previously been in the news for rejecting the Padma Bhushan twice, stating she didn’t accept state awards. She has also often opposed Hindutva and the “saffronization” of education.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A">Abul A'la Maududi</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/abul-ala-maududi-1.jpg" /><br /><br />20 6<br />Famous As: Philosopher<br />Birthdate: September 25, 1903<br />Sun Sign: Libra<br />Birthplace: Aurangabad, India<br />Died: September 22, 1979<br /><br /><br />Islamic scholar and philosopher Abul A'la Maududi was born into an elite Aurangabad family. He grew up to be fundamentalist who believed Islam should be free of Western influences and launched the Jamaʿat-i Islami. Though an important figure in Pakistani politics, he was also imprisoned for a while for opposing the government.<br /><a href="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mahadev-govind-ranade-5497.php">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a><br /><a href="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mahadev-govind-ranade-5497.php"><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/mahadev-govind-ranade-1.jpg" /></a><br /><br />20 3<br />Famous As: Judge, Social Reformer<br />Birthdate: January 18, 1842<br />Sun Sign: Capricorn<br />Birthplace: Niphad<br />Died: January 16, 1901<br /><br /><br />Mahadev Govind Ranade was an Indian social reformer, scholar, author, and judge. Ranade is credited with co-founding the Indian National Congress as well as founding several organizations like the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Widow Marriage Association, and Vaktruttvottejak Sabha. He also contributed as an editor of a nationalist publication named Induprakash.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi">Rajmohan Gandhi</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/rajmohan-gandhi.jpg" /><br /><br />16 3<br />Famous As: Historian, Politician<br />Birthdate: August 7, 1935<br />Sun Sign: Leo<br />Birthplace: New Delhi, India<br /><br /><a href="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ramachandra-guha-21309.php">Ramachandra Guha</a><br /><a href="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ramachandra-guha-21309.php"><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/ramachandra-guha-1.jpg" /></a><br /><br />18 5<br />Famous As: Writer<br />Birthdate: April 29, 1958<br />Sun Sign: Taurus<br />Birthplace: Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh, India (now in Uttarakhand, India)<br /><br /><br />Bengaluru-based Indian historian and author Ramachandra Guha is best known for his iconic books Gandhi Before India and India After Gandhi. As a journalist, he has also written on cricket and was a long-time columnist for The Hindu. He has also been honored with the Sahitya Akademi Award.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)">William Dalrymple</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/william-dalrymple-1.jpg" /><br /><br />18 6<br />Famous As: historian, writer<br />Birthdate: March 20, 1965<br />Sun Sign: Pisces<br />Birthplace: Scotland<br /><br /><br />At 22, William Dalrymple penned the award-winning book In Xanadu. His 6-year research in Delhi culminated in the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award-winning volume City of Djinns. He has also presented the 6-part docu-series Stones of the Raj and written for publications such as Time and The Guardian.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/ziauddin-barani-1.jpg" /><br /><br />17 3<br />Famous As: Historian<br />Birthdate: 1284 AD<br />Birthplace: India<br />Died: 1357 AD<br /><br /><br />Islamic historian Ziauddin Barani is best remembered for his treatise on medieval India, Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi. A nadim of Muḥammad ibn Tughluq for 17 years, he was exiled after Tughlaq was deposed and died in poverty. Some of his works were inspired by Sufi mysticism, which viewed events as divine manifestations.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/rahul-sankrityayan-1.jpg" /><br /><br />15 4<br />Famous As: Linguist, Author, Autobiographer, Biographer<br />Birthdate: April 9, 1893<br />Sun Sign: Aries<br />Birthplace: Pandaha<br />Died: April 14, 1963<br /><br /><br />Rahul Sankrityayan was an Indian freedom fighter and writer. A polyglot, Sankrityayan loved traveling and helped develop travelogue writing as a literary form in India. Dubbed the father of Indian travelogue, Rahul Sankrityayan wrote several travelogues having spent 45 years on travels away from home. In 1963, he was honored with India's third-highest civilian honor, the Padma Bhushan.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugata_Bose">Sugata Bose</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/sugata-bose-1.jpg" /><br /><br />15 3<br /><br /><br />Famous As: Historian, Author, Politician<br />Birthdate: September 7, 1956<br />Sun Sign: Virgo<br />Birthplace: Kolkata<br /><br /><br />Apart from being a noted South Asian historian and a Tufts and Harvard faculty, Sugata Bose is also a descendant of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. A Presidency College and Cambridge alumnus, he has penned books such as His Majesty's Opponent and has also been a TMC MP.<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan_Habib">Irfan Habib</a><br /><img src="https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/irfan-habib.jpg" /><br /><br />14 5<br />Famous As: historian, writer<br />Birthdate: 1931 AD<br /><br /><br />Born to a Marxist historian father, Mohammad Habib, Irfan Habib followed in his footsteps and grew up to be a Padma Bhushan-winning historian and author. The Oxford-educated Habib is known for his long-time association with AMU and has also spoken on topics such as fascism and the Aryan question.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-61137980357073302452015-09-13T19:21:00.003-07:002015-09-13T19:21:47.611-07:00How to get best university in USA for further study <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Did you know that six of the world’s top 10 universities are in the USA (QS World University Rankings)? If you’re planning to study at college or university in the USA, a Cambridge English exam is the only English language qualification you need.Whether you plan to pursue a short-term or full degree program in the United States, Education USA has the resources you need in 'Your Five Steps to U.S. Study'. </div>
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How to get best university in USA for further study </h3>
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Get the language skills you need to succeed in your chosen course in the USA.</div>
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Build the confidence to take an active part in student life – in English!</div>
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Discover somewhere new and enjoy new experiences – all while you’re learning.</div>
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Get lots of support every step of the way, including free learning resources and a lively Facebook community.</div>
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Because U.S. college and university choices are varied, deciding which program to attend is not an easy choice. Check out our 5 Tips on Choosing a School, then read the article linked below for a full overview.</div>
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1. Begin your search early! Start 12-18 months in advance </div>
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2. Define your long-term goals and prioritize what’s important to you </div>
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3. Learn about U.S. schools: talk to an educational advisor, read Study in the USA magazines and explore Study USA</div>
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4. Take necessary admission tests </div>
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5. Ask schools for information</div>
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First, it’s important to know the difference in where funding comes from for public and private schools. Public schools receive funds from the state government which helps offset the cost of tuition, making it lower for students. Private schools on the other hand do not receive state funding, instead they rely on tuition and donations from alumni or friends to cover costs. While this means that tuition is often going to be higher at a private school, you will also find that private schools are pretty good at granting scholarships to help out with these fees. So before you write off a private school you have your mind set on check out what grant or scholarship packages they can offer.</div>
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The second big difference is class size and degree offerings. Public colleges and universities typically have a larger population- which is good for the fact that they are able to offer more degree program options. On the negative side, the classes will be larger at a public school which means less one on one time with the professor if needed.</div>
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Third you’ll want to take into consideration the social aspect of your studies abroad- after all, it’s a once in a lifetime experience and you’ll want to not only get your degree, but enjoy your time. Public schools are typically able to provide more extracurricular activities which is great since it will give you a good chance to find a club or sport that you fit into. However, private schools are often smaller which means if you want to go to school somewhere that feels more like a tight-knit community then it’s a good option for you.</div>
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Our last item- if you want a school that has a religious affiliation- a private school is the way to go. Just keep in mind that just because a school may identify with a specific religious group, it does not mean that the school will culturally recognize the religion. With that being said- there are some private schools that still require students to take a few religious courses.</div>
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Hopefully these four items will help you when narrowing down if a private or public school is best for you. Of course it’s going to depend on your situation and what you prefer, then require you to do a bit more digging for information on the schools you’re interested in. </div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-49400014614792137322015-09-13T19:15:00.002-07:002015-09-13T19:15:29.750-07:00Choosing a US School via your 5 steps move<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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You need to find a school in the US that is perfect for you- that means you have a lot of factors to consider. Don't forget to check out the difference in attending a private school vs. a public school and see which is best for you. Planning to study at a university in the UK, USA, Australia or Canada? A Cambridge English qualification can help you gain admission to your college or university, qualify for a visa, or get the language skills you need to live, study and really enjoy your time in an English-speaking environment. Our exams are accepted by over 20,000 universities, employers and governments in 130 countries and can even help you secure a job once you’ve finished university.<br />
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Choosing a US School via your 5 steps move</h3>
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<img src="http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/Images/study-abroad-banner-usa.jpg" height="400" width="600" /><br />
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First, it’s important to know the difference in where funding comes from for public and private schools. Public schools receive funds from the state government which helps offset the cost of tuition, making it lower for students. Private schools on the other hand do not receive state funding, instead they rely on tuition and donations from alumni or friends to cover costs. While this means that tuition is often going to be higher at a private school, you will also find that private schools are pretty good at granting scholarships to help out with these fees. So before you write off a private school you have your mind set on check out what grant or scholarship packages they can offer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The second big difference is class size and degree offerings. Public colleges and universities typically have a larger population- which is good for the fact that they are able to offer more degree program options. On the negative side, the classes will be larger at a public school which means less one on one time with the professor if needed.</div>
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Third you’ll want to take into consideration the social aspect of your studies abroad- after all, it’s a once in a lifetime experience and you’ll want to not only get your degree, but enjoy your time. Public schools are typically able to provide more extracurricular activities which is great since it will give you a good chance to find a club or sport that you fit into. However, private schools are often smaller which means if you want to go to school somewhere that feels more like a tight-knit community then it’s a good option for you.</div>
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Our last item- if you want a school that has a religious affiliation- a private school is the way to go. Just keep in mind that just because a school may identify with a specific religious group, it does not mean that the school will culturally recognize the religion. With that being said- there are some private schools that still require students to take a few religious courses.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Hopefully these four items will help you when narrowing down if a private or public school is best for you. Of course it’s going to depend on your situation and what you prefer, then require you to do a bit more digging for information on the schools you’re interested in. </div>
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1. Research Your Options</div>
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Learn about the variety of options available and how to identify an institution that best fits your needs.</div>
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2. Finance Your Studies</div>
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Need funding? Explore options or check out our university financial aid opportunity list.</div>
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3. Complete Your Application</div>
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Plan ahead and know the documents and requirements to apply for your program.</div>
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4. Apply For Your Student Visa</div>
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Become familiar with U.S. student visa requirements and allow plenty of time to prepare your application.</div>
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5. Prepare For Your Departure</div>
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Pre-departure information including gathering documents for arrival and immigration compliance.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-34741393327494412232015-09-13T19:08:00.003-07:002015-09-13T19:08:55.579-07:00USA Education System for International students and experts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Studying in the United States has many advantages, but before you pick which program best meets your needs, you will first want to learn about the U.S. education system. There is a wide range of choices and opportunities, and you should have all of the information you need to make a decision that is right for you.<br />
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USA Education System for International students and experts</h3>
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Role of U.S. Government in Education<br />
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Unlike in many other countries, the United States central government does not control the educational system. Rather, the higher education systems are either: 1) controlled by independent groups of people, or trustees (in the case of private schools); or 2) shared between local and state governments (in the case of public schools). A major difference between these two types of schools is the cost. Private schools are generally much more expensive to attend than their public school counterparts, mainly because the private schools must rely on sources outside of the government for their funding. Please see What Will an Education in the US Cost?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>for more information on the costs of public vs. private schools.<br />
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Additionally, the U.S. Department of Education reviews and recognizes “accrediting agencies” that in turn ensure the quality of the school and their programs. Most colleges and universities have what is called “regional accreditation” from an agency that oversees that particular part of the country where the school is located. You will want to make sure that the school you choose has accreditation, meaning that it has met specific academic, administrative and financial standards. Accreditation also ensures that your degree will be recognized by other educational institutions and employers.<br />
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Certain fields of study will also have “program accreditation” in addition to regional accreditation. For example, the Accrediting Board of Engineering and Technology accredits engineering programs. Your overseas educational adviser can help you find out if program accreditation exists in your field of study.<br />
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What Are My Options to Earn a Degree?<br />
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Education is mandatory in the United States until the age of 16, and the majority of students do finish high school. After completing 12 years of primary and secondary school, students often begin post-secondary learning, or higher education. The first level of higher education is undergraduate study; beyond an undergraduate degree a student may choose to receive a graduate education, also known as postgraduate work. Traditionally these programs are undertaken on campus, however there is a growing number of accredited online college degrees<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>that are appearing for students from all around the world. They can offer some fantastic benefits to international students.<br />
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If you are debating the two-year degree option versus a four-year undergraduate course of study, you will want to think carefully about your goals. Some employers prefer candidates who have studied a full four years, particularly in competitive fields where there may be many students vying for jobs. Other professional fields may have a need for employees with only two years of study under their belts. You need to do your research to make an informed choice.<br />
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Additionally, some other non-degree options exist outside of the traditional university setting which students should explore as another option.<br />
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Applying to Schools<br />
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Although admission policies vary from one school to the next, most determine admission based on several common criteria, including a student’s high school course of study, high school Grade Point Average (GPA), participation in extracurricular activities, SAT or ACT exam scores, a written essay, and possibly a personal interview.<br />
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When looking at a potential student’s high school records, the university admissions office will consider whether the student has taken courses in high school that will prepare them for more difficult coursework. The admissions office will also consider the student’s GPA. A GPA is a quantitative figure averaging a student’s accumulated grades.<br />
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University admissions officers also like to see applications from students who have taken part in extracurricular activities, such as theatre or art clubs, scholastic clubs, or athletic teams. Participation in these kinds of activities demonstrate that the student has learned valuable skills such as teamwork and leadership.<br />
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Most high school students in the US take either the (SAT Reasoning Test) or the (ACT) during their final year of high school. These are standardized quantitative exams. Each school sets a minimum SAT or ACT score that a student must achieve in order to gain admission.<br />
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Universities will often require that applicants write an essay as part of their application. Each admissions office determines the length and content of the essay. For tips on writing an admissions essay, check out our Essay Writing Center. The applicant may also be required to have a personal interview with a representative from the admissions office.<br />
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Check out our Application Process section for more information.<br />
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Undergraduate Study<br />
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University students who are pursuing a Bachelor’s degree are called “undergraduates.” Most universities offer undergraduate students a liberal education, which means students are required to take courses across several disciplines before choosing one major field of study in which to specialize. Undergraduate students will often ask each other, “What is your major?” meaning, “What is your major field of study?”<br />
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Courses at most universities are only one semester long. Each course is assigned a number of credit hours, generally based on how much time is spent in class. Most courses are three credits, but some might be one, two, four, or five credits. All degree programs require that their students completely a minimum number of credits before they are eligible for graduation. Most Bachelor’s degree programs do not require students to write a final thesis.<br />
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Graduate Study<br />
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Students who are pursuing a Master’s or Doctoral degree are called “graduate students.” Graduate and professional programs are specialized, meaning students have one field of study from the beginning.<br />
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Students continue to take courses at the graduate level, and a final thesis is required for most programs. Doctoral students take courses until they have earned enough credit hours to attend their qualifying exams, which are usually taken over several days and often include both a written and oral component. After doctoral students pass their qualifying exams, they are advanced to candidacy and can begin writing their dissertation. Before the degree is given, the candidate’s completed dissertation must be orally defended before the candidate’s faculty committee.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-40506982964002187352015-09-13T19:04:00.000-07:002015-09-13T19:04:03.608-07:00Understanding the American Education with close circuit eyes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The American education system offers a rich field of choices for international students. There is such an array of schools, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm students, even those from the U.S. As you begin your school search, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the American education system. Understanding the system will help you narrow your choices and develop your education plan.<br />
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Understanding the American Education with close circuit eyes</h3>
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The Educational Structure<br />
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL<br />
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Prior to higher education, American students attend primary and secondary school for a combined total of 12 years. These years are referred to as the first through twelfth grades.<br />
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Around age six, U.S. children begin primary school, which is most commonly called “elementary school.” They attend five or six years and then go onto secondary school.<br />
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Secondary school consists of two programs: the first is “middle school” or “junior high school” and the second program is “high school.” A diploma or certificate is awarded upon graduation from high school. After graduating high school (12th grade), U.S. students may go on to college or university. College or university study is known as “higher education.”<br />
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GRADING SYSTEM<br />
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Just like American students, you will have to submit your academic transcripts as part of your application for admission to university or college. Academic transcripts are official copies of your academic work. In the U.S. this includes your “grades” and “grade point average” (GPA), which are measurements of your academic achievement. Courses are commonly graded using percentages, which are converted into letter grades.<br />
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The grading system and GPA in the U.S. can be confusing, especially for international students. The interpretation of grades has a lot of variation. For example, two students who attended different schools both submit their transcripts to the same university. They both have 3.5 GPAs, but one student attended an average high school, while the other attended a prestigious school that was academically challenging. The university might interpret their GPAs differently because the two schools have dramatically different standards.<br />
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Therefore, there are some crucial things to keep in mind:<br />
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You should find out the U.S. equivalent of the last level of education you completed in your home country.<br />
Pay close attention to the admission requirements of each university and college, as well as individual degree programs, which may have different requirements than the university.<br />
Regularly meet with an educational advisor or guidance counselor to make sure you are meeting the requirements.<br />
Your educational advisor or guidance counselor will be able to advise you on whether or not you must spend an extra year or two preparing for U.S. university admission. If an international student entered a U.S. university or college prior to being eligible to attend university in their own country, some countries’ governments and employers may not recognize the students’ U.S. education.<br />
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ACADEMIC YEAR<br />
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The school calendar usually begins in August or September and continues through May or June. The majority of new students begin in autumn, so it is a good idea for international students to also begin their U.S. university studies at this time. There is a lot of excitement at the beginning of the school year and students form many great friendships during this time, as they are all adjusting to a new phase of academic life. Additionally, many courses are designed for students to take them in sequence, starting in autumn and continuing through the year.<br />
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The academic year at many schools is composed of two terms called “semesters.” (Some schools use a three-term calendar known as the “trimester” system.) Still, others further divide the year into the quarter system of four terms, including an optional summer session. Basically, if you exclude the summer session, the academic year is either comprised of two semesters or three quarter terms.<br />
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THE U.S. HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM: LEVELS OF STUDY<br />
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First Level: Undergraduate<br />
"The American system is much more open. In Hong Kong you just learn what the teacher writes on the board. In America, you discuss the issues and focus more on ideas."<br />
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Paolo Kwan from Hong Kong: Studying English and Business Administration at Sierra College in California<br />
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A student who is attending a college or university and has not earned a bachelor’s degree, is studying at the undergraduate level. It typically takes about four years to earn a bachelor’s degree. You can either begin your studies in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree at a community college or a four-year university or college.<br />
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Your first two years of study you will generally be required to take a wide variety of classes in different subjects, commonly known as prerequisite courses: literature, science, the social sciences, the arts, history, and so forth. This is so you achieve a general knowledge, a foundation, of a variety of subjects prior to focusing on a specific field of study.<br />
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Many students choose to study at a community college in order to complete the first two years of prerequisite courses. They will earn an Associate of Arts (AA) transfer degree and then transfer to a four-year university or college.<br />
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A “major” is the specific field of study in which your degree is focused. For example, if someone’s major is journalism, they will earn a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. You will be required to take a certain number of courses in this field in order to meet the degree requirements of your major. You must choose your major at the beginning of your third year of school.<br />
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A very unique characteristic of the American higher education system is that you can change your major multiple times if you choose. It is extremely common for American students to switch majors at some point in their undergraduate studies. Often, students discover a different field that they excel in or enjoy. The American education system is very flexible. Keep in mind though that switching majors may result in more courses, which means more time and money.<br />
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Second Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Master’s Degree<br />
Presently, a college or university graduate with a bachelor’s degree may want to seriously think about graduate study in order to enter certain professions or advance their career. This degree is usually mandatory for higher-level positions in library science, engineering, behavioral health and education.<br />
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Furthermore, international students from some countries are only permitted to study abroad at a graduate level. You should inquire about the credentials needed to get a job in your country before you apply to a postgraduate university in the USA.<br />
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A graduate program is usually a division of a university or college. To gain admission, you will need to take the GRE (graduate record examination). Certain master’s programs require specific tests, such as the LSAT for law school, the GRE or GMAT for business school, and the MCAT for medical school.<br />
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Graduate programs in pursuit of a master’s degree typically take one to two years to complete. For example, the MBA (master of business administration) is an extremely popular degree program that takes about two years. Other master’s programs, such as journalism, only take one year.<br />
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The majority of a master’s program is spent in classroom study and a graduate student must prepare a long research paper called a “master’s thesis” or complete a “master’s project.”<br />
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Third Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Doctorate Degree<br />
Many graduate schools consider the attainment of a master’s degree the first step towards earning a PhD (doctorate). But at other schools, students may prepare directly for a doctorate without also earning a master’s degree. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD degree. For international students, it may take as long as five or six years.<br />
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For the first two years of the program most doctoral candidates enroll in classes and seminars. At least another year is spent conducting firsthand research and writing a thesis or dissertation. This paper must contain views, designs, or research that have not been previously published.<br />
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A doctoral dissertation is a discussion and summary of the current scholarship on a given topic. Most U.S. universities awarding doctorates also require their candidates to have a reading knowledge of two foreign languages, to spend a required length of time “in residence,” to pass a qualifying examination that officially admits candidates to the PhD program, and to pass an oral examination on the same topic as the dissertation.<br />
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE U.S. HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM<br />
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Classroom Environment<br />
Classes range from large lectures with several hundred students to smaller classes and seminars (discussion classes) with only a few students. The American university classroom atmosphere is very dynamic. You will be expected to share your opinion, argue your point, participate in class discussions and give presentations. International students find this one of the most surprising aspects of the American education system.<br />
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Each week professors usually assign textbook and other readings. You will be expected to keep up-to-date with the required readings and homework so you can participate in class discussions and understand the lectures. Certain degree programs also require students to spend time in the laboratory.<br />
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Professors issue grades for each student enrolled in the course. Grades are usually based upon:<br />
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Each professor will have a unique set of class participation requirements, but students are expected to participate in class discussions, especially in seminar classes. This is often a very important factor in determining a student’s grade.<br />
A midterm examination is usually given during class time.<br />
One or more research or term papers, or laboratory reports must be submitted for evaluation.<br />
Possible short exams or quizzes are given. Sometimes professors will give an unannounced “pop quiz.” This doesn’t count heavily toward the grade, but is intended to inspire students to keep up with their assignments and attendance.<br />
A final examination will be held after the final class meeting.<br />
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Credits<br />
Each course is worth a certain number of credits or credit hours. This number is roughly the same as the number of hours a student spends in class for that course each week. A course is typically worth three to five credits.<br />
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A full-time program at most schools is 12 or 15 credit hours (four or five courses per term) and a certain number of credits must be fulfilled in order to graduate. International students are expected to enroll in a full-time program during each term.<br />
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Transfers<br />
If a student enrolls at a new university before finishing a degree, generally most credits earned at the first school can be used to complete a degree at the new university. This means a student can transfer to another university and still graduate within a reasonable time.<br />
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Types of U.S. higher education<br />
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"I like that schedules are flexible, classes are fun, and the variety of activities I can participate in."<br />
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Xujie Zhao from China: Studying Computer Networking at Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston<br />
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1. STATE COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY<br />
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A state school is supported and run by a state or local government. Each of the 50 U.S. states operates at least one state university and possibly several state colleges. Many of these public universities schools have the name of the state, or the actual word “State” in their names: for example, Washington State University and the University of Michigan.<br />
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2. PRIVATE COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY<br />
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These schools are privately run as opposed to being run by a branch of the government. Tuition will usually be higher than state schools. Often, private U.S. universities and colleges are smaller in size than state schools.<br />
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Religiously affiliated universities and colleges are private schools. Nearly all these schools welcome students of all religions and beliefs. Yet, there are a percentage of schools that prefer to admit students who hold similar religious beliefs as those in which the school was founded.<br />
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3. COMMUNITY COLLEGE<br />
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Community colleges are two-year colleges that award an associate’s degrees (transferable), as well as certifications. There are many types of associate degrees, but the most important distinguishing factor is whether or not the degree is transferable. Usually, there will be two primary degree tracks: one for academic transfer and the other prepares students to enter the workforce straightaway. University transfer degrees are generally associate of arts or associate of science. Not likely to be transferrable are the associate of applied science degrees and certificates of completion.<br />
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Community college graduates most commonly transfer to four-year colleges or universities to complete their degree. Because they can transfer the credits they earned while attending community college, they can complete their bachelor’s degree program in two or more additional years. Many also offer ESL or intensive English language programs, which will prepare students for university-level courses.<br />
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If you do not plan to earn a higher degree than the associate’s, you should find out if an associate’s degree will qualify you for a job in your home country.<br />
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4. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY<br />
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An institute of technology is a school that provides at least four years of study in science and technology. Some have graduate programs, while others offer short-term courses.<br />
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<br />
"One challenge was the way you register for classes and developing an academic plan. I really didn’t know what to study because I could choose many programs. I met with Angela Khoo [Academic Adviser] about the classes that I could take, and then it became a lot easier for me."<br />
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Meiyun Han from China: Studying Nursing at Merritt College in San Francisco</div>
Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-91014951637157197302015-09-13T19:00:00.003-07:002015-09-13T19:00:47.379-07:00The US Educational System Working Methods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
One of the most attractive features of the U.S. higher education system is the flexibility it provides through the number and diversity of institution types it encompasses.<br />
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The US Educational System Working Methods</h3>
<img height="400" src="https://educationusa.state.gov/sites/default/files/styles/content_area_full_width/public/wysiwyg/student1.jpg?itok=oYzjcDVn" width="600" /><br />
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This diversity offers students options to specialize in a variety of academic disciplines and even gain employment training.<br />
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More than 4,500 accredited institutions make up U.S. higher education in the United States. Unlike many countries, U.S. higher education institutions are not centrally organized or managed, but are accredited on a national or regional level by independent accrediting bodies.<br />
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A variety of institution types offer higher-education degrees. Liberal arts institutions, for example, offer courses in the arts, humanities, languages, and social and physical sciences. The majority of liberal arts institutions are private. Private colleges and universities are funded by a combination of endowments, gifts from alumni, research grants, and tuition fees. Private colleges and universities are usually smaller than public institutions and can have a religious affiliation or be single-sex schools.<br />
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Community colleges are another option and provide two-year associate degree programs to prepare students to continue studies for an undergraduate degree or help them gain occupational skills for immediate employment. State colleges and universities, also called "public universities," were founded and subsidized by U.S. state governments to provide a low-cost education to residents of that state. Public universities generally offer access to research opportunities and classes in a wide variety of fields of study. These universities tend to be very large and generally admit a wider range of students than private universities. Each student's interests will guide his/her choice among the many possibilities.<br />
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Regardless of the institution type, in the United States, students typically earn credits for courses they take and these credits count towards the completion of a program. Courses are often divided into "core" subject areas to provide the foundation of the degree program and "major" courses to provide specialization in a subject area. Students can also take "elective" courses to explore other topics of interest for a well-rounded educational experience.<br />
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The U.S. academic calendar typically runs from September to May and can be divided into two academic terms of 16-18 weeks known as semesters. Alternatively, some schools may operate on a quarter or trimester system of multiple terms of 10-12 weeks.<br />
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With the variety of available U.S. higher education options, students are sure to find the right fit for their academic, financial, and personal needs.</div>
Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-35777687417744970672015-09-13T05:06:00.002-07:002015-09-13T05:06:32.101-07:00Top 10+ Most Popular Gadget Websites in 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Here are the top 15 Most Popular Gadget Sites as derived from our eBizMBA Rank which is a continually updated average of each website's Alexa Global Traffic Rank, and U.S. Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast."*#*" Denotes an estimate for sites with limited data.</div>
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1 | cNet</div>
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84 - eBizMBA Rank | 70,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 53 - Compete Rank | 92 - Quantcast Rank | 106 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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2 | Yahoo! Tech</div>
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238 - eBizMBA Rank | 25,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *225* - Compete Rank |*250* - Quantcast Rank | NA - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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3 | Gizmodo</div>
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433 - eBizMBA Rank | 18,250,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 769 - Compete Rank | 118 - Quantcast Rank | 412 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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4 | TheVerge</div>
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487 - eBizMBA Rank | 18,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 542 - Compete Rank | 160 - Quantcast Rank | 758 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/tomshardware.gif" width="640" /></div>
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5 | Toms Hardware</div>
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645 - eBizMBA Rank | 17,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 875 - Compete Rank | 363 - Quantcast Rank | 698 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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6 | Wired</div>
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780 - eBizMBA Rank | 13,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 549 - Compete Rank |1,173 - Quantcast Rank | 618 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/engadget.gif" width="640" /></div>
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7 | Engadget</div>
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1,135 - eBizMBA Rank | 12,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 1,430 - Compete Rank |1,537 - Quantcast Rank | 437 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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8 | DigitalTrends</div>
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1,589 - eBizMBA Rank | 7,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 1,601 - Compete Rank |*NA* - Quantcast Rank | 1,576 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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9 | ZDNet</div>
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1,677 - eBizMBA Rank | 7,200,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 2,223 - Compete Rank |1,275 - Quantcast Rank | 1,532 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/techrepublic.gif" width="640" /></div>
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10 | TechRepublic</div>
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2,709 - eBizMBA Rank | 4,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 2,556 - Compete Rank |3,733 - Quantcast Rank | 1,839 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/gizmag.gif" width="640" /></div>
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11 | GizMag</div>
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2,830 - eBizMBA Rank | 4,200,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 4,055 - Compete Rank |1,001 - Quantcast Rank | 3,434 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/anandtech.gif" width="640" /></div>
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12 | AnAndTech</div>
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3,164 - eBizMBA Rank | 3,200,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 4,495 - Compete Rank |1,883 - Quantcast Rank | 3,115 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/imore.gif" width="640" /></div>
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13 | iMore</div>
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3,185 - eBizMBA Rank | 3,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 4,410 - Compete Rank |446 - Quantcast Rank | 4,699 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/gsmarena.gif" width="640" /></div>
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14 | GSMArena</div>
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3,895 - eBizMBA Rank | 2,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 7,409 - Compete Rank |*3,943* - Quantcast Rank | 334 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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<img border="0" height="373" src="http://ebizmba.ebizmbainc.netdna-cdn.com/images/logos/geek.gif" width="640" /></div>
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15 | Geek</div>
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5,463 - eBizMBA Rank | 2,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *6,944* - Compete Rank |2,843 - Quantcast Rank | 6,602 - Alexa Rank | Last Updated: September 1, 2015.</div>
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The Most Popular Gadget Websites | eBizMBA</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-48801889316528629232015-09-13T05:01:00.001-07:002015-09-13T05:01:39.439-07:00Job guarantee Professional SEO course for newbie and savvy with in 2 months<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Our Training programme, Learn SEO also includes the power of Social Media so that one can develop communities around the brand and then connect them directly to the brand.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Course includes :</span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 1- Introduction to SEO</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Search Engine Results Page, Importance of SEO</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 2- Keyword Research</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Performing keyword research, Interpreting keyword research</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 3- Content Optimization</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Formulating content strategy, incorporating keywords</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 4- On-Page Optimization</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Understanding different HTML Tags such as Title Tags, Meta Descriptions, header tags etc.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 5- Off-Page Optimization</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Link building, Understanding internal and external links, Utilizing social media</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Module 6- Measuring Success</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Highlights: Web analytics, analysing links and keywords, social media impact</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Certification Test</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">By the end of this course you will gain:</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">In-depth knowledge of SEO and on your first day of job itself will be able to work single-handedly on your client’s or on your own website’s requirements. Apart from this you will receive a Certification of Completion by Learntoday.in</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eligibility: </span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">People of any age group can take this course. There is no requirement of any specific degree to pursue this course.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: red; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Course validity:</span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The course is valid for a duration of 60 days from the date of making payment.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Mode of payment:</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #35141d; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px;">Online payment </span></span>(credit card,<span style="color: #35141d; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px;"> debit card, net banking or cash card) or Offline payment.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: red; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Course ware includes:</span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Video lessons: Each module includes a succession of videos, handouts and online tests. You are strongly encouraged to watch the videos and complete all the subsequent tests. You will not be able to skip to the next module in the sequence without completing the test of the previous module.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JOB ASSURANCE:-</span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">After successful completion of this course each candidate you will get minimum one demo project for SEO worth $200</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Notes:</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The notes <span style="color: #35141d; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px;">will be provided electronically under each module as part of the online course for personal use for this specific course only. Daily 1 hour online hangout in a group of fives.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Test: Each module includes an online test. Until you complete each test with passing grades (‘A’, ‘B’, or ‘C’) the system will prompt you to take the test again. Remember! In order to proceed to the next module it is compulsory that you complete the test of the prior/current module with passing grades. Once the test is completed with the passing grade the student won’t be able to take the test again.</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #35141d; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Certification Test:</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;" /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #35141d; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px;">After the user clears all the module tests he/she will have to appear for a certification test which will be in the multiple choice format. The user will need to score an ‘A’, ‘B’ or ‘C’ grade to clear the test otherwise he/she will have to appear for the respective test again. On successful completion of this test, the user will be awarded with an electronically generated </span></span>(PDF) <span style="color: #35141d; font-family: Open Sans, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px;">Learntoday certification with the user’s name and grade mentioned on it. However, this certificate will be emailed to you only after the validity of your course session expires. </span></span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #35141d; font-family: georgia, 'palatino linotype', palatino, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://www.seoclerk.com/order?id=153678" style="border: 0px; color: #91204d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Order Now ($<span id="topordext" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">99</span>)</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.seoclerk.com/order?id=153678" style="border: 0px; color: #91204d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </a> </span></strong><a class="btn btn-danger" href="https://www.seoclerk.com/order?id=153678" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #91204d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Order Now ($<span id="topordext" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">99</span>)</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: normal; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-44700394139635980492015-07-05T23:02:00.002-07:002015-07-05T23:02:59.536-07:00SoftLayer cloud usd 500 free promo from IBM company <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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SoftLayer brings fine-grained configuration options, high performance, and interesting extras to the self-service cloud. The cloud has a way of hiding much of what we used to fret about. Servers are boxes, and boxes are meant to be interchangeable. You push the button and you log in. It's just a box, and there's no need to spend much time thinking about it because it's a commodity.</div>
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FREE promo code: 500BUILD</h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #231f20; font-family: 'BentonSans Regular', 'Myriad Pro', Myriad, 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 11px; text-align: left;">*Offer expires September 30, 2015. Limit one promo code use per customer only. Offer valid for new customers only, for up to $500 off the first order for the first billing cycle of servers and services any of SoftLayer’s new data centers around the world. Only valid on servers and services that are charged by the month. Cannot be combined with other offers. For more information on this offer, </span></div>
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SoftLayer is one of the companies fighting the commodification of the servers, at least a bit. SoftLayer is still selling servers by the hour and offering a cloud of machines that starts up on demand, but it's also making the server purchase more like it used to be. You have plenty of options, some of which include getting a raw machine that's yours, all yours.</div>
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Amazon and Google, for instance, started selling a few basic models. Although they've expanded the selection over the years by adding higher-powered CPUs or more RAM, the menu of choices is still pretty simple. If you get a small machine, you get a small CPU with a smaller amount of RAM and a smaller bundle of everything else. If you want more, you buy more of everything.</div>
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SoftLayer lets you shop for servers the old way. You choose how many cores you want, then choose the RAM independently. You can build a machine with 16 2GHz cores and 1GB of RAM, one core and 16GB of RAM, or any integer in between -- say, 13 cores and 7GB of RAM. The prices slide up and down, and the two parts are priced independently. Sixteen cores will cost 75 cents per hour, while only one core will cost 7 cents per hour. There are price breaks along the list and it's not exactly linear.</div>
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Layering on the options</div>
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The hardware is only part of the shopping process with SoftLayer. While a number of cloud providers give you just a few radio buttons of options during the configuration process, SoftLayer takes you through four pages of choices. Four extra public IP addresses are 1 cent per hour. A premium monitoring package is 6 cents per hour. You can add five different disks to your server if you like. You can add more local disk space or storage on a SAN. It's like the old days when the server salesman wanted to fill up all the bays with extras. If you want a license to run Windows, SoftLayer will toss one in for between 5 and 10 cents per hour depending upon which version of Windows you choose.</div>
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While I had no real problem configuring several machines, SoftLayer is still working through making all of this function smoothly. I asked for MongoDB on my machine but got a message later that it wouldn't work with Ubuntu 12.04, the OS I happened to choose. There are menu items on the portal for CPanel software licenses, but I wasn't given an option to buy one. SoftLayer is clearly planning on making it easy to buy extras, but not all of the dots are connected yet.</div>
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One interesting option is a "bare metal" server, also sold by the hour or by the month. I spun up one of these with two cores running at 2GHz and 2GB of RAM at a price of 50 cents per hour. These don't run in the same seemingly endless stack of virtualization, allowing them to access the I/O channels faster. This pays off with databases and other disk-bound applications.</div>
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The performance of the "bare metal" server was often better, but not in every case. In some the results were largely the same as the "painted metal," for lack of a better term. The times were about the same for the relatively linear, single-process jobs like the Batik vector graphics rendering or the Eclipse test. These are largely computational. But other tests such as the Lucene searching or the Sunflow ray tracing sped up dramatically because the code was able to take advantage of the extra cores and the better disk I/O. The DaCapo benchmarks have an option to limit the number of threads, and when I held the bare-metal machines to one thread, the gains largely disappeared.</div>
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Your results, of course, will differ just as the results from the benchmarks do. The so-called bare-metal machines are better at handling I/O operations such as writing to disk because they don't have the hypervisor adding an extra step to the interaction with the device drivers.</div>
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MongoDB in the cloud</div>
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SoftLayer is seeking to bottle this advantage in a different way. The company is creating its own bundles of bare-metal machines and installing MongoDB on them on top of CentOS. A monthly fee of $359, for instance, buys a four-core machine that's ready to run. You can also purchase a support subscription from 10gen through SoftLayer. You pay for some of this expertise from the beginning because SoftLayer designed the server package with 10gen's guidance.</div>
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The MongoDB boxes are one of many offerings; a content delivery network, load balancers, and firewalls are also available. Plus, you can store your data as objects in SoftLayer's object store, which is built using a version of the OpenStack Swift object store. The metadata for the objects are indexed, making it a bit easier to find what you're looking to get. The object store's integration with the content delivery network makes it a bit simpler to serve up the same data again and again throughout the cloud. Storage is 10 cents per gigabyte, as is outbound traffic.</div>
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There's yet another interesting feature that's hidden from these endless menus of choices. SoftLayer gives you your own private network for back-channel communications among your machines. Each server has one address for talking to the Internet at large and one for talking just to the private network. If you want to keep some servers in the background, out of view of the Wild West of the Internet, you can open up the ports on this private network. This channel makes it simpler to enforce some rules by locking out the public Internet in one swoop.</div>
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This adds up to a large collection with all the options you'll need to build out your server farm. The flexibility to pick and choose just how much memory and cores you need is much greater than SoftLayer's main cloud competitors, casting the entire process as a bit of a throwback. You're not grabbing a commodity block of computing time that's more or less the same as every other block. You're building out a server and adding extra features, all using prices that are measured by the hour or by the month. It's a welcome reminder of the flexibility the old server sales force used to offer the enterprise customer.</div>
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Global Locations</h2>
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Our global footprint of data centers is growing. So chances are we have (or soon will) a location where you need your application or solution to live. So you can stay in a country or region, or scale out globally to meet your users where they are.</div>
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<a class="in-site-link cslp-callout-link" href="http://www.softlayer.com/info/five-hundred?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=Sitelink|New_Data_Centers_Savings&utm_campaign=PPC-SNG-India-Brand&utm_term=softlayer%20price&matchtype=e" style="background: transparent; color: #2aa5e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Learn more</a></div>
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Higher Performance</h2>
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Your virtual and bare metal servers are completely customizable, so you can go bare bones or load ‘em up with as much power as you want. You’ll never again have to settle for limited configurations and paying for more of a resource than you need.</div>
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<a class="in-site-link cslp-callout-link" href="http://www.softlayer.com/info/five-hundred?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=Sitelink|New_Data_Centers_Savings&utm_campaign=PPC-SNG-India-Brand&utm_term=softlayer%20price&matchtype=e" style="background: transparent; color: #2aa5e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Learn more</a></div>
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Total Control</h2>
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Take advantage of one management system, network, and platform, with one API and Web portal. You have access to your every server, storage solution, and service, all securely connected and controlled—no extra networking or virtualization required.</div>
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<a class="in-site-link cslp-callout-link" href="http://www.softlayer.com/info/five-hundred?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=Sitelink|New_Data_Centers_Savings&utm_campaign=PPC-SNG-India-Brand&utm_term=softlayer%20price&matchtype=e" style="background: transparent; color: #2aa5e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Learn more</a></div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-23822753900156635042015-05-17T21:02:00.002-07:002015-05-17T21:02:52.646-07:00Google Cloud Prices and $300 free credit to spend on all Cloud Platform products <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Today Google threw down the gauntlet to challenge AWS public cloud supremacy by announcing significant price reductions across its Google Cloud Platform. The eye-opening price cuts covered compute (32-percent reduction), storage (68-percent reduction), and BigQuery (85-percent reduction). Google also signaled that future reductions could follow Moore’s Law — citing that historically public cloud prices have dropped only 6 to 8 percent annually as compared to 20- to 30-percent reductions in hardware prices.</div>
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<b><i>New to Google Cloud Platform? It offers $300 in credit to spend on all Cloud Platform products for your first 60 days. Your trial is absolutely free and you will not be billed unless you decide to upgrade to a paid account. See our <a href="https://cloud.google.com/free-trial/">free trial FAQ</a> for more information.</i></b></div>
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Even more significantly, Google announced new sustained-use pricing for compute services that will offer a simpler and more flexible approach as compared to the complexity of reserved instance pricing from AWS. Sustained-use pricing will discount the on-demand baseline hourly rate automatically as a particular instance is used for a larger percentage of the month — tiering the hourly rate down as you hit 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent of time in a month. At 100 percent usage, customers will save 30 percent on Google baseline rates. Pricing should be as simple as possible, while following the falling cost of computation defined by Moore's Law. If you have specific billing questions, take a look at our frequently asked questions.</div>
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<strong style="color: #222222; font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-align: start;">75% Off Local SSD Storage until May 21, 2015</strong></h3>
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<b><i>Google would like you to experience the performance of Local SSD firsthand. To make it even easier to try out the feature, we're giving our customers a discounted trial. For the next month (April 21, 2015 to May 21, 2015), Local SSD will be priced at <span style="color: inherit;">$0.055 per GB/month</span>. After that time, the price will return to its normal $0.218 per GB/month.</i></b></div>
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<b><i>To get started, read the <a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/local-ssd" style="color: #4285f4; text-decoration: none;">local SSD</a> documentation and <a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/local-ssd#create_a_local_ssd" style="color: #4285f4; text-decoration: none;">create a local SSD</a>.</i></b></div>
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When charging in local currency, Google will convert the prices listed into applicable local currency pursuant to the conversion rates published by leading financial institutions. Google Cloud Platform does not offer discounts to non-profits, educational organizations or open-source projects.</div>
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Google, in an attempt to simplify the complexity of AWS reserved instance purchase decisions, requires no commitment or upfront investment to qualify for sustained-use discounts. Instead, Google’s sustained-use pricing will be automatically calculated and applied to a Google user’s monthly bill based on the user’s level of sustained-use on the same instance types. Google has indicated that the majority of its cloud customers run servers for 90-100 percent of the time, and will therefore automatically receive the maximum level of discounts. This removes the pain of having to predict usage in advance, paying up front, and suffering the lock-in that goes with it.</div>
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To help cloud users better understand these pricing changes, RightScale has analyzed Google vs AWS pricing for compute services. We compared pure on-demand pricing between Google and AWS as well as Google sustained-use pricing vs AWS reserved instances (RIs). If you want to analyze the impact of Google prices on your own cloud spend, get a free trial of RightScale Cloud Analytics to analyze your past usage and create scenarios to forecast future spend on Google or other clouds.</div>
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On-Demand Pricing Comparison: Google vs AWS</div>
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First, we compared Google’s on-demand baseline rates (assuming 0-25 percent usage) to on-demand rates for similar instance types on AWS. We compared instance types based on the number of CPU cores. However, it is important to note that some of the AWS instances have more memory than the comparable instance types on Google, so you may need to adjust your comparison for memory-intensive use cases. </div>
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In all the cases that we analyzed for on-demand, Google was significantly cheaper — saving customers 38-60 percent compared to AWS rates. In addition, if your usage extends past 25 percent of time during the month, you will automatically get a lower rate with Google, while AWS users would need to purchase reserved instances to achieve a lower rate. If AWS users don’t purchase RIs, the savings with Google grow further.</div>
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However, it is important to note that buying AWS reserved instances requires a one-year or three-year commitment for the same instance type with the same operating system in the same region. If AWS hourly on-demand rates go down during the three years, you will not get the lower price. AWS does sometimes reduce hourly pricing for reserved instances, however, looking at historical precedent, AWS does not always apply these savings to your already purchased RIs. In contrast, Google sustained-use pricing is calculated as a percentage of the on-demand baseline rate. As Google’s baseline rates go down, the sustained-use prices will fall as well. </div>
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As a result, all future Google price drops are passed on to all customers immediately when they take effect. Given the continual price reductions in cloud pricing, you may find that the ability to take advantage of future Google price drops might bring the price below even AWS three-year heavy reserved instances.</div>
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What About Storage?</div>
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Its important to note that AWS instances include SSD storage, while Google Compute instances do not. Some cloud users run stateless servers and therefore don’t take full advantage of instance storage. However, cloud users that use instance storage would need to take this into account when comparing AWS and Google prices. </div>
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In a future blog post, we will analyze the new Google storage prices vs AWS. An initial look shows that Google Cloud Storage could offer savings compared to AWS S3.</div>
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Simplicity, Flexibility, Predictability</div>
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The new Google sustained-use pricing avoids the complexity, lock-in, and upfront costs of AWS reserved instance purchases. Google users will automatically receive the best price for their level of usage, with no planning required on their part. However, tying the sustained-use discounts to Google’s monthly billing cycle could create an incentive to make decisions such as switching instance sizes on the monthly billing boundaries.</div>
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Similar to on-demand pricing with any cloud provider, unless you have an accurate forecast of your cloud usage, it may be hard to predict in advance what the exact monthly costs will be with Google sustained-use pricing. If this usage and the accompanying costs could be predicted more accurately, IT teams could allocate the savings to other projects or additional cloud capacity. </div>
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<img src="http://www.rightscale.com/blog/sites/default/files/Cloud%20Analytics%20Scenario%20Builder%202_0.png" height="482" width="600" /></div>
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Check out RightScale Cloud Analytics, which can help you analyze past usage and create multiple scenarios to forecast future spend on Google or other clouds. We’ve been working hard to include these Google price cuts as well as sustained-use pricing in RightScale Cloud Analytics. As of today you can forecast your cloud spend in Cloud Analytics Scenario Builder and apply either the baseline price or the 75-100 percent sustained-use price tier. We’ll be adding the other sustained-use tiers shortly.</div>
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<b>Final Lines:</b> For many cloud users, Google now offers significantly lower prices for compute resources. However, our whitepaper Cloud Pricing Trends shows that AWS has been aggressive in price cuts as well, and we certainly have not seen the last salvo in the cloud price wars. If AWS follows suit with price reductions, chalk up a win for cloud users.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-61122635095310398942015-04-22T21:28:00.001-07:002015-04-22T21:28:37.328-07:00Top 200 World Class University List and Admission<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2014-2015 list the best global universities and are the only international university performance tables to judge world class universities across all of their core missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The top universities rankings employ 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons available, which are trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments.</div>
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Top 200 World Class University List and Admission</h3>
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<img src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Education/Pix/pictures/2011/3/10/1299766948531/Harvard-students-leaving--007.jpg" width="600" /></div>
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You can view the full World University Rankings 2014-2015 top 400 below and explore the criteria used to assess the world’s greatest universities, while our in-depth analysis of the results shines more light on the data.</div>
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Note: Universities that display a blue icon feature an enhanced institutional profile, which can be viewed by clicking the institution's name.</div>
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Harvard university has once again topped the Times Higher Education's world reputation ranking of universities. The 2013 rankings, show the US dominating the list with more than 40 institutions in the top 100.
Following Harvard are Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Cambridge university, taking second and third place respectively. Oxford university has climbed two places since the 2012 rankings, to take fourth place and Stanford university has dropped down to sixth.
The rankings also highlight a big improvement for Australia which now has six universities represented in the top 100 - the third highest representation in the list behind the US and the UK. Australia has two new entries: the university of New South Wales and Monash university.
With nine universities in the top 100, the UK has the second highest number of representatives after the US. University College London (UCL) has moved up one place to 20th and the London School of Economics (LSE) has jumped up to 25th in the latest rankings. Manchester university has entered the top 50 for the first time and Edinburgh university, the only Scottish institution in the list, has moved up three places to 46th place. It's not such good news for Leeds university though, the university has dropped out of the top 100 since the 2012 rankings placed them within the 81-90 band.
Overall, the UK's representation in the top 100 has declined since 2011. Phil Baty, rankings editor at Times Higher Education magazine, said:
There is some good news for the UK, but only for a handful of its elite institutions. Outside the chosen few, there is cause for alarm: the UK has lost three institutions from the world top 100 list since the reputation rankings were first published in 2011.
Traditionally, the strength in depth of the UK system has been one of its great features. Having a large number of institutions with truly world-class standing has delivered huge returns for the whole sector and the wider economy. However, it now seems that a gap is opening up between the very best and the rest, with even household name institutions like Sheffield and Leeds losing their lustre and falling down the rankings.
In total, 20 countries are represented in the list. The chart above shows the rankings broken down by country for 2012 and 2013.
The visualisation below shows how 2013's top 25 institutions by reputation have switched positions since the 2011 edition of this report. Harvard, MIT and Cambridge have been first, second and third respectively every year, while LSE, UCLA and Columbia University (NY) have seen the largest rises over that period.
The annual world reputation rankings, a subsidiary of the Times Higher Education world university rankings, are based based on the results of the Academic Reputation Survey carried out by Ipsos MediaCT for Thomson Reuters. The full methodology for the rankings along with the individual scores by university can be found on the Times Higher Education site.
The latest release by Times Higher Education ranking brings to attention a group that the university ranking specialists have dubbed the 'super-brands' - a collection of elite Anglo-American universities making up the top six. According to the latest release the 'super-brands', headed by Harvard and including MIT, Cambridge, Oxford, the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University are "heads and shoulders above the rest". Here are some other findings from the release:
• Five countries are represented in the top 20: the US, UK, Japan, Canada and Switzerland
• The University of Tokyo at 9th place, is the highest ranking university outside of the UK or US
• Six countries (compared with only four last year) have one representative in the top 100: Brazil, Taiwan, Belgium, Israel, Russia and Turkey
• Japan, the Netherlands and Germany each have five top 100 institutions, with Germany gaining a new entrant in 2013 (Freie Universität Berlin)
You can see the full 2013 world reputation rankings below, we have also included the 2012 and 2011 positions. The downloadable spreadsheet also contains breakdowns by country. What can you do with the data?
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Data summary</div>
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Times Higher Education world reputation rankings</div>
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2013 Rank<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012 Rank<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011 Rank<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Institution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Country</div>
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1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Harvard University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Cambridge<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Oxford<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, Berkeley<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stanford University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Princeton University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, Los Angeles<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Tokyo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Japan</div>
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10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yale University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>California Institute of Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Michigan<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Columbia University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Chicago<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Imperial College London<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Toronto<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Canada</div>
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17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cornell University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Pennsylvania<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Johns Hopkins University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University College London<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Switzerland</div>
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22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>National University of Singapore<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Singapore</div>
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23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kyoto University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Japan</div>
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24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>29<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>London School of Economics and Political Science<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Carnegie Mellon University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>32<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Texas at Austin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Washington<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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29<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New York University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Wisconsin-Madison<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of British Columbia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Canada</div>
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31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>33<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Duke University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>29<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>McGill University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Canada</div>
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34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, San Diego<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tsinghua University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>China</div>
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36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The University of Hong Kong<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hong Kong</div>
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37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Northwestern University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Georgia Institute of Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>43<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Melbourne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
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40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, San Francisco<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Seoul National University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Korea, Republic Of</div>
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42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australian National University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
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42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Massachusetts<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>48<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germany</div>
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45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>43<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peking University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>China</div>
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46<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Edinburgh<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Manchester<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
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48<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, Davis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
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49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The University of Sydney<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
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50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lomonosov Moscow State University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Russian Federation</div>
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50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Purdue University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Delft University of Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Netherlands</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Switzerland</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Middle East Technical University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Turkey</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>43<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Minnesota<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>46<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Ohio State University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Osaka University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Japan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pennsylvania State University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of California, Santa Barbara<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>National Taiwan University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Taiwan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hong Kong</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Karolinska Institute<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sweden</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>King's College London<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Korea, Republic Of</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Leiden University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Netherlands</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of São Paulo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brazil</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Southern California<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Technische Universität München<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germany</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tohoku University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Japan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tokyo Institute of Technology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Japan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hebrew University of Jerusalem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Israel</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germany</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Belgium</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Michigan State University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nanyang Technological University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Singapore</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Université Paris-Sorbonne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>France</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>51-60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Pittsburgh<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The University of Queensland Australia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Universität Heidelberg<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germany</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Amsterdam<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Netherlands</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Boston University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brown University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Chinese University of Hong Kong<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hong Kong</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>École Polytechnique<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>France</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Florida<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The University of New South Wales<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Université Pierre et Marie Curie<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>France</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Utrecht University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Netherlands</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Washington University in St Louis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Bristol<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UK</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Freie Universität Berlin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Germany</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lund University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sweden</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>University of Maryland, College Park<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Monash University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Australia</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Université Paris-Sud<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>France</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>81-90<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Texas A&amp;M University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>US</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>71-80<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>61-70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Uppsala University<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sweden</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>91-100<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wageningen University and Research Center<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Netherlands</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source: THE</div></div>
</div>
Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-63461557847639402842015-04-22T21:12:00.002-07:002015-04-22T21:12:50.294-07:00Earning limitaion after completing a University Degree in US<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Want to know what kind of salary you could expect in your chosen profession? Take a look at the latest average salaries in a range of career sectors, based on national data for the US and UK. These averages provide a rough indication of how much you could expect to earn with your degree in today’s economies. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img alt="How Much Could You Earn With Your Degree? main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/Salary.jpg?itok=1_zgwMBx" width="600" /></div>
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If you’re still studying or still choosing a degree, it’s likely that salaries will have increased a little by the time you enter the labor market – along with rising living costs – but this list should still provide an indication of how different areas of employment compare.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Accounting & finance</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average accounting & finance salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Brokers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£133,677</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Actuaries, economists and statisticians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£61,749</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business and financial project management professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£47,795</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Taxation experts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£46,551</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Finance and investment analysts and advisers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£45,490</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial and accounting technicians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£44,080</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Insurance underwriters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£43,487</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial accounts managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£41,389</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chartered and certified accountants</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£38,692</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Finance officers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£24,418</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average accounting & finance salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Actuaries</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$107,740</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Accountants and auditors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$72,500</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Personal financial advisors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$99,920</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$91,620</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial examiners</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$86,980</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$74,270</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Credit analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$72,590</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Insurance underwriters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$70,110</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Compliance officers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$66,770</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Cost estimators</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$63,660</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$56,120</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tax preparers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$43,350</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architecture</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average architecture salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architects</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£43,307</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chartered architectural technologists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£33,651</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architectural and town planning technicians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£29,427</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average architecture salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architectural and engineering managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$136,540</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Marine engineers and naval architects</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$94,040</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architects (except naval)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$77,850</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Architectural and civil drafters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$51,250</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Art & design</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average art & design salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Arts officers, producers and directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£37,519</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Graphic designers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£25,952</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Artists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£23,228</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Archivists and curators</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£22,264</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Musicians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£21,414</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average art & design salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Agents and managers of artists, performers and athletes</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$96,410</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Actors, producers and directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$89,020</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Artists and related workers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$75,270</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Archivists, curators and museum technicians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$50,770</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Designers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$46,250</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business & management</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average business & management salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chief executives and senior officials</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£107,703</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Marketing and sales directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£82,962</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Financial managers and directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£76,320</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Human resource managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£56,315</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Purchasing managers and directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£52,683</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sales accounts and business development managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£51,576</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business and financial project management professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£47,795</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Management consultants and business analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£43,820</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business, research and administrative professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£35,545</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business sales executives</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£33,432</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sales administrators</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£19,468</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average business & management salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Management analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$89,990</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Logisticians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$76,330</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Budget analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$72,560</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Business operations specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$69,030</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Market research analysts and marketing specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$67,780</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Human resources specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$61,560</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Training and development specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$60,780</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer science & information technology</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average computer science & IT salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Information technology and telecommunications directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£80,215</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IT specialist managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£49,194</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IT project and program managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£48,144</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IT business analysts, architects and systems designers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£46,197</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IT and telecommunications professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,957</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Programmers and software development professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,748</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Telecommunications engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£32,320</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average computer science & IT salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer and information research scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$109,260</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Software developers and programmers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$92,820</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Information security analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$91,210</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer systems analysts</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$85,320</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Database and systems administrators and network architects</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$82,960</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer programmers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$80,930</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Web developers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$67,540</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer support specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$53,660</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Engineering</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average engineering salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£90,146</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Research and development managers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£52,882</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Production managers and directors in manufacturing</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£49,690</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electrical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£46,984</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mechanical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£43,029</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronics engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£41,685</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Design and development engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,245</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Civil engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,200</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Production and process engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£38,223</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Quality control and planning engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£36,454</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Engineering technicians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£34,355</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average engineering salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer hardware engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$106,930</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Aerospace engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$105,450</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chemical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$104,340</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronics engineers (except computer)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$97,870</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mining and geological engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$96,950</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nuclear engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$96,950</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Petroleum engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$96,950</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Marine engineers and naval architects</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$94,040</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Biomedical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$93,960</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electrical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$93,380</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Materials engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$89,930</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mechanical engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$85,930</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Civil engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$85,640</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Environmental engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$85,520</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Industrial engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$83,390</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Agricultural engineers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$78,880</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Engineering technicians (except drafters)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$56,080</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Drafters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$53,640</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Law</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average legal salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Legal professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£73,425</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Solicitors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£46,576</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Barristers and judges</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£43,368</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Legal associate professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£30,911</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average legal salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lawyers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$131,990</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Judges, magistrate judges and magistrates</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$105,380</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Arbitrators, mediators and conciliators</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$76,840</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Court reporters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$54,760</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Judicial law clerks</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$53,890</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Paralegals and legal assistants</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$51,170</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Media & communications</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average media & communications salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Advertising and public relations directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£77,619</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Advertising accounts managers and creative directors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,510</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Journalists, newspaper and periodical editors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£34,639</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Public relations professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£29,488</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Authors, writers and translators</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£25,767</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average media & communications salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Writers and editors</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$66,160</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Public relations specialists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$63,020</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
News analysts, reporters and correspondents</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$48,380</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Media and communication equipment workers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$48,320</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Announcers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$41,190</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Medicine & life sciences</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average medical & life sciences salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Medical practitioners</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£69,463</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dental practitioners</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£40,268</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Biological scientists and biochemists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£38,108</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Veterinarians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£37,763</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pharmacists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£37,439</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Paramedics</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£36,771</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Psychologists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£36,495</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average medical & life sciences salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Physicians and surgeons</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$191,880</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dentists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$168,870</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Veterinarians</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$96,140</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Medical scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$89,390</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Biological scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$77,630</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Psychologists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$74,310</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Conservation scientists and foresters</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$61,890</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Natural sciences</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average natural sciences salaries in the UK </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Office for National Statistics, 2014)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Physical scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£50,763</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Natural and social science professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£36,594</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chemical scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£34,099</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Environment professionals</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
£32,036</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Average natural sciences salaries in the US </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Physical scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$84,300</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Environmental scientists and geoscientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$81,360</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chemists and materials scientists</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
$78,780</div>
</div>
Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-63177676628344950112015-04-22T21:07:00.001-07:002015-04-22T21:07:21.492-07:00Best Universities for Social Sciences & Management 2015 Globally<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Looking to study economics, political science, international relations, law or another subject in the field of social sciences and management at one of the top universities in the world? Check out the latest results of the QS World University Rankings by Faculty to discover the top universities in the world for social sciences and management this year. These rankings draw data on research citations, along with the opinions of academics and employers worldwide, in order to highlight the world’s leading institutions in each faculty area.<br />
<img alt="Top Universities for Social Sciences &amp; Management 2014 main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/Top%2520Universities%2520for%2520Social%2520Sciences%2520%2526%2520Management%25202014.jpg?itok=-Xeejul9" width="600" /><br />
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Below are 2015'S top universities in the world for social sciences and management, in video and list format…<br />
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Top 10 universities for social sciences & management 2014<br />
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1. Harvard University<br />
<br />
Last year’s rank: 1st<br />
<br />
Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, US<br />
<br />
Type: Private research (Ivy League)<br />
<br />
Fact: Harvard University, the top university in the world for social science and management, has more than its fair share of notable alumni, including the likes of Mark Zuckerberg, the creator of Facebook, and John F Kennedy, former president of the US.<br />
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2. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)<br />
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Last year’s rank: 2nd<br />
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Location: London, UK<br />
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Type: Public research<br />
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Fact: Informally known as LSE, the London School of Economics and Political Science is the UK’s leading university specializing in the social sciences, and is lauded for the impressive number of Nobel Prize winners among its alumni and staff, particularly in the economics field.<br />
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3. University of Oxford<br />
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Last year’s rank: 3rd<br />
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Location: Oxford, UK<br />
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Type: Collegiate research<br />
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Fact: Oxford University is comprised of a total of 39 individual colleges and related buildings and is the oldest English-speaking university in the world.<br />
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4. University of Cambridge<br />
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Last year’s rank: 4th<br />
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Location: Cambridge, UK<br />
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Type: Public research (with private colleges)<br />
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Fact: Among the University of Cambridge’s most famous colleges are King’s College, Trinity Hall, Trinity College, Darwin College, Corpus Christi College and Downing College.<br />
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5. Stanford University<br />
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Last year’s rank: 5th<br />
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Location: Stanford, California, US<br />
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Type: Private research<br />
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Fact: Undergraduate programs at Stanford University are the most selective in the country, with only 5.07% of applicants gaining acceptance for the 2018 class.<br />
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6. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<br />
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Last year’s rank: 7=<br />
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Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, US<br />
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School: Private research, land grant<br />
<br />
Fact: You may know it boasts alumni such as the likes of astronaut Buzz Aldrin and aviation pioneer James Doolittle, but did you also know the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) offers a “pirate certificate” to students who complete classes in archery, sailing, pistol and fencing?<br />
<br />
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7. University of Chicago<br />
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Last year’s rank: 11th<br />
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Location: Chicago, Illinois, US<br />
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Type: Private research<br />
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Fact: The University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business is the second-oldest business school in the world, established in 1898, eight years after the founding of the university itself.<br />
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8. University of California, Berkeley (UCB)<br />
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Last year’s rank: 9=<br />
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Location: Berkeley, California, US<br />
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Type: Public research<br />
<br />
Fact: Students at the University of California, Berkeley were awarded more Graduate Research Fellowships from the National Science Foundation than students of any other US university in the past decade.<br />
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9. National University of Singapore (NUS)<br />
<br />
Last year’s rank: 9=<br />
<br />
Location: Southwest Singapore<br />
<br />
Type: Public research<br />
<br />
Fact: The National University of Singapore (NUS) is the oldest and largest (in terms of enrollment and curriculum) university in Singapore and its notable alumni include four Singaporean and two Malaysian Prime Ministers.<br />
<br />
10=. London Business School<br />
<br />
Last year’s rank: 12th<br />
<br />
Location: London, UK<br />
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Type: Public business school<br />
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Fact: A constituent college of the University of London system, London Business School is the only school in Europe (and one of three in the world) to offer a Sloan Fellowship MSc program.<br />
<br />
10=. Yale University<br />
<br />
Last year’s rank: 7=<br />
<br />
Location: New Haven, Connecticut, US<br />
<br />
Type: Private research (Ivy League)<br />
<br />
Fact: Over 2,000 undergraduate courses are taught at Yale University, and notable alumni include as many as five US presidents, 19 US Supreme Court Justices and 13 living billionaires.<br />
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About the QS World University Rankings by Faculty<br />
<br />
The QS World University Rankings by Faculty aims to highlight the top universities in the world within five major subject areas. These five fields cover arts & humanities, engineering & technology, life sciences & medicine, natural sciences, and social sciences & management. The rankings are compiled using data on research citations, as well as the results of QS’s global surveys of academics and employers.</div>
Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-50541772883179105052015-04-22T21:02:00.000-07:002015-04-22T21:02:13.811-07:00Why Study Business and Can Do With a Business Degree from University<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Business and related subjects (such as the ‘FAME’ group – finance, accounting, management and economics) are among the most popular fields of study at universities worldwide, particularly at graduate level. You might have some vague ideas about why this is the case – business graduates are in high demand worldwide, business touches on pretty much every aspect of modern human society, careers with a business degree are diverse and often highly paid – and these assumptions are likely to be largely true.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img alt="What Can You Do With a Business Degree? main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/What_Can_You_Do_With_A_Business_Degree_.jpg?itok=FytUoLtP" width="600" /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But if you’re still not quite convinced, here’s a deeper exploration of the question, ‘Why study business?’</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
First, it’s important to recognize that there are many different types of business degrees to choose from, offering different specializations and benefits, and applicable to people at different stages of development and with very different career goals.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Types of business degrees</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The term ‘business degrees’ is typically understood to include a fairly wide group of courses, some highly specialized and others more interdisciplinary; some more academic and others primarily focused on practical professional development. You can categorize types of business degrees by level (ie. undergraduate, graduate, professional), and also by subject focus. Some of the areas of study likely to be covered by different types of business degrees, either directly or as supplementary elements, include:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Accounting</div>
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Management sciences</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Computer sciences</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Finance</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sociology</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Entrepreneurship</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Marketing</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Law</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Modern languages</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Human resource management</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Quantitative techniques (mathematics)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Strategic management</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Economics</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At undergraduate level, and on some graduate-level business degrees, students are able to gain a foundation in many of these aspects of the business world, before choosing a specialization. From master’s level onwards, it’s more usual for business degrees to be focused on a particular aspect of business, though there may still be a lot of flexibility for students to shape the course to match their own interests. Meanwhile MBA (Master of Business Administration) and Executive MBA programs are targeted at those who have already gained significant professional experience, and typically have more of a focus on professional development.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Whichever level you study business at, and whatever field of specialization you choose, you can expect all types of business degrees to have a strong emphasis on the practical application of theory, through the use of case studies, problem-solving tasks, project and team work, and often also internships and placement schemes.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Careers with a business degree</div>
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The combination of academic challenge and practical focus makes the prospect of studying a business degree highly appealing for those attracted to the competitive yet collaborative learning environment offered by many business schools and departments. But for most people, the answer to the question ‘Why study business?’ is best answered by reference to possible careers with a business degree.</div>
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Business graduates go on to work in myriad different sectors, and not all of them are those you would typically associate with business in general. More obvious careers with a business degree include roles in accounting and finance departments, which take in large numbers of business degree graduates. Other sectors with high demand for business graduates include marketing and advertising, as well as retail, sales, human resources and business consultancy. The diversity and plenitude of careers with a business degree underlies the subject’s appeal for many students.</div>
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If you’re unsure of how to start developing your career after graduation, you may consider joining one of the many graduate training schemes which many large and international companies run. These often allow graduates to spend time completing traineeships in different parts of the business, and often different regions of the world, before opting for a particular career track to pursue.</div>
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You could also use your business degree to pursue roles within SMEs (small- to medium-sized enterprises), innovative new start-ups, charities, non-profit organizations and NGOs. If you have a bright idea and the knowledge to back it up, you may even consider launching your own business,</div>
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Depending on your area of interest and the specialization of your business degree, possible careers with a business degree could include:</div>
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Management consultancy</div>
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Teaching/training</div>
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Marketing</div>
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Trading</div>
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Chartered accountancy</div>
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Market research</div>
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Advertising</div>
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Retail buying</div>
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Personnel officer</div>
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Investment banking</div>
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Retail management</div>
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Public relations officer</div>
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Bank management</div>
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Sales</div>
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Distribution and logistics management</div>
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Insurance underwriting</div>
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Consumer products</div>
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Business degree salary expectations</div>
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As already mentioned, earnings potential is at the heart of many business’ students motivation. While you shouldn’t expect a huge business degree salary as soon as you graduate, the skills and knowledge gained from a business degree should facilitate your career progression, making it easier to climb into management-level positions with higher salaries.</div>
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The message really is: the business degree itself does not automatically mean a high salary – though graduating from a highly reputed business school with strong grades is certainly likely to open up some interesting opportunities and perhaps a large business degree salary. You’ll still need to prove yourself, and be ready to work hard, if you want to reach your career and salary goals – and be prepared for plenty of competition.</div>
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In the US 2013-14 PayScale College Salary Report, the average starting business degree salary was reported at US$43,500, with the average mid-career salary at US$71,000. The figures vary depending on the specialization: international business graduates are projected to start on US$43,800 rising to $US83,700 by mid-career; for finance the figures are $49,200 and $87,100; accounting $45,300 and $74,900; human resources $38,000 and $63,900; organizational management $41,900 and $60,300; marketing management $42,100 and $80,200.</div>
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For those studying at the master’s level, business degree salary expectations are likely to be higher. According to the latest TopMBA.com Jobs & Salary Trends Report, salaries for MBA graduates average almost US$109,200 in the US and Canada. In Western Europe the average earnings for those with an MBA are a little lower overall – but this varies depending on the country, while expectations in Australia are around US$117,800.</div>
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If a top salary is important to you, it may be worth while researching the latest salary trends and forecasts for different business specializations, as well as looking into the world regions reporting highest demand for business graduates.</div>
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Transferable skills gained from a business degree</div>
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During your business degree you’ll develop a broad knowledge of business operations as well as gaining targeted skills in your specific field, such as customers, markets, finance, operations, strategy, business policy, communications and IT. You’ll typically also be challenged to explore these fields within an international context, though in some cases it will be advantageous to specialize in their application within a particular country or world region.</div>
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You can also expect to gain many valuable transferable skills, which can be put to use in both everyday life or if you decide to take a completely different career path. The skills gained from a business degree are likely to include:</div>
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An understanding of how organizations operate</div>
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Strong communication skills (oral and written)</div>
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Analytical and critical thinking</div>
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Problem solving</div>
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Decision making</div>
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Logical thinking</div>
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Presentation and report writing skills</div>
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Numeracy and an understanding of how to interpret and use financial data</div>
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Self-motivation, initiative and effective time management</div>
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Project and resource management</div>
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A close understanding of economic fluctuations and other external changes affecting business</div>
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Whether or not you’re obsessed with becoming the next Sir Alan Sugar (or, for the North Americans among us, Donald Trump), a business degree is a great way to develop many of the transferable skills needed for use in a business environment.</div>
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There a number of types of business degree which you can undertake, one of the most common of which is an undergraduate business studies degree. Often a business studies degree will cover subjects such as accounting, finance, management and, increasingly, entrepreneurship. This wide range of subjects reflects the multidisciplinary nature of business, and the importance of understanding all the key elements needed to make a business successful.</div>
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If you’re looking for a degree which specializes more in a particular aspect of the business world (e.g. economics or marketing), consider taking a dedicated program in that area, or a joint honours degree (e.g. Business & Economics). The advantage of a joint degree is that you acquire general business skills along with more specialized ones, leaving you well placed when it comes to applying for graduate jobs.</div>
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What can you do with a business degree?</div>
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So, what can you do with a business degree? If you’re someone who enjoys the professionalism and high-powered nature of big business, then you’re likely to be considering a business degree as a stepping stone to a high-status, high-salary career. In today’s world, corporate business careers are available in pretty much every sector you can think of; all industries need strong leaders, managers, financial advisors and market-savvy decision-makers. For many business graduates, however, the traditional pathways still hold a strong appeal – including careers in the banking and financial sectors, consultancy, human resources and marketing roles.</div>
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If a straightforward corporate career is failing to get you excited, then a business program can also give you the skills to create your own business, or to take on business and management roles within more creative industries, be that fashion, media, or even the charity sector.</div>
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The good thing about a business studies qualification is that it can open you up to many entry-level roles upon graduation, while still allowing those who wish to specialize further the chance to improve their return on investment with a graduate degree (read: those who study to master’s level may see a much higher starting salary). Examples of postgraduate programs include Masters in Management, Masters in Finance and (for those who’ve gained some professional experience) the Masters in Business Administration (MBA).</div>
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For the purposes of this article, I’ll be focusing on business careers that can be gained via an undergraduate-level course, with and without postgraduate study. Read on for examples of typical and not so typical careers with a business degree.</div>
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Typical careers with a business degree</div>
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Don’t assume that studying business is a one-way route into business leadership and management roles – while this is a common path, business careers span multiple industries. Good business and management skills are key elements of any profitable company, and therefore effective leaders, strategic thinkers and financial experts are all in great demand. Big or small, global or national, companies all over the world are looking for business graduates like you.</div>
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Business careers in accounting and finance</div>
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Generalised business studies degrees will usually cover aspects of accountancy and finance. But if you wish to pursue a career in accounting or finance, you’ll usually need to gain further qualifications. A good option for business graduates is to apply for a graduate role, and complete a specialized qualification while you work. In many larger companies, the course costs will actually be covered by the employer.</div>
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If you do decide to go into accounting or finance, your job may involve reviewing your company’s financial situation both past and present; advising clients and colleagues on tax and expenditure; managing records and business transactions; playing a role in mergers and acquisitions; and taking responsibility for preventing bad practice as well as fraud and negligence.</div>
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For more advice on prospective careers and specializations in accounting and finance, view our individual accounting and finance subject guides.</div>
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Business careers in management</div>
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Becoming a manager is a tough job. There may be long hours, disruptive colleagues or simply a lot going on at once – but someone’s got to do it! The upside is that managerial roles are known for being higher-paid, as well as boasting many opportunities for career progression or even a career U-turn. Managers can be found across all industries and fields, and their job is to provide structure and strategy to a workplace.</div>
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Because of the responsibility of such positions, it’s unlikely you’ll find a managerial role without first gaining a further degree or a number of years of mid-level work experience. Despite this, business graduates are well-placed to become a managers later on in life, and with determination and steady career progression an additional degree may not be necessary.</div>
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Another option which may appeal is the field of business consultancy. This means working as part of a team, combining your business expertise and analytical skills in order to provide advice to other companies, usually focusing on how to optimise a specific project or part of the business. Projects and clients may vary widely, ensuring plenty of fresh challenges to get to grips with. Or you may specialize in a particular type of business, combining your business knowledge with a second field of interest, such as engineering or logistics.</div>
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Business careers in retail and sales</div>
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There’s much more to retail and sales than shelf-stacking and cold-calling, especially if you’re armed with a business degree. Opportunities within sales and retail teams are numerous, including shop-based and office-based roles, as well as travelling positions for which a good knowledge of global markets is a must.</div>
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For those looking to rise to the higher levels of retail and sales careers, large companies often offer the chance to undertake a graduate training program or trainee management program, in order to fast-track your position within the company. This can be highly valuable in gaining on-the-job experience, while continuing to develop your business and management skills in a commercial world. Such programs can be highly competitive and often require good grades as well as a proven passion for the industry.</div>
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Other common graduate careers with a business degree include roles within auditing, banking, communications, distribution, energy and utilities, hospitality and leisure, IT, insurance, journalism, law, logistics, manufacturing, media administration, production management, public relations, the public sector and defense, risk management and tax. As mentioned above, every sector needs good business brains!</div>
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Less typical careers with a business degree</div>
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And, you may ask, what can you do with a business degree without following the typical routes? Well, you can do rather a lot. Roles requiring business acumen and analytical thinking are innumerable, and your choice of which industry to head into is likely to be based on personal interests. It’s a cliché, but true – if you work for a company, product or service you truly believe in, you’re likely to be more motivated and effective in your role, and progress your career more rapidly.</div>
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Business careers in media</div>
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Although business studies degrees may not seem like the most creative of pathways, they can in fact lead to lots of roles within creative industries. Media is one such widespread industry, an umbrella term covering TV, film, online, newspaper and magazine publishing, events and more. While you’re unlikely to be directly involved in creative tasks such as writing, video editing or animation production, you’ll need a solid understanding of the media sector within which you’re working. Business careers in media include roles in sales, human resources, PR, finance and accounting, operations, marketing and branding, as well as overall management and strategic direction.</div>
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Business careers in marketing and advertising</div>
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Opportunities in marketing and advertising are numerous for business graduates, particularly for those with a bit of creative flair. In these industries, business graduates can use the analysis and report-writing skills honed during their degree in order to conduct market research, develop marketing strategies, manage client relationships, liaise with copywriters, designers and printers, analyze markets and evaluate campaign results. You’re likely to be working alongside specialists such as designers, video producers and copywriters, and will need to continually broaden your own skillset to keep pace with changes in technology and market trends.</div>
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Business careers in human resources</div>
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Business doesn’t have to be a dog-eat-dog world, and careers within human resources offer roles which require both business acumen and highly honed interpersonal skills. Recruitment, training and pay are all areas handled by the HR department. Great communication skills are essential, but you’ll also be expected to have a good basic understanding of business operations and management (which you should have gained during your degree), as well as detailed and up-to-date knowledge of employment laws and company regulations.</div>
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‘What Can You Do With a Business Degree?’ is part of our ‘What Can You Do With…’ series. We have also covered biology, communications, English, fashion, history, law, marketing, mathematics and psychology.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-91321155822670028712015-04-22T20:54:00.001-07:002015-04-22T20:54:31.273-07:00Business and Entrepreneurship University Scholarships Around the World 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Want to study business, entrepreneurship or a related subject? Find a range of business school scholarships around the world, listed below.Whether you’re a prospective or current business student, a budding entrepreneur or interested in studying any FAME subject (finance, accounting, management or economics), it’s likely that you’ll find at least one scholarship you’re eligible for below…</div>
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<img alt="Business and Entrepreneurship Scholarships Around the World main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/business_and_entrepreneurship_scholarships_around_the_world.jpg?itok=VOorNZSA" width="600" /></div>
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To study anywhere:</div>
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ESSEC Business School Singaporean Scholarship– scholarships for international students studying the Global BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) program at ESSEC Business School’s branch campuses in Singapore or France. Singaporean and French applicants only.</div>
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Jane M Klausman Women in Business Scholarship– scholarships for women in business to gain funding for university. Open internationally for study in any ZONTA-club country.</div>
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Prime Minister’s Business Scholarships– business scholarships for New Zealand citizens active in the business industry to study internationally and improve their business skills.</div>
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To study in Asia-Pacific:</div>
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Australia</div>
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Business and Economics International China Scholarship @ Monash University– undergraduate scholarships for Chinese students to study at Monash University in Australia in the faculty of business and economics.</div>
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CBS Innovation International Scholarship– merit-based scholarships for undergraduate international students to study business information systems/technology at Curtin University’s Curtin Business School.</div>
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Global Leaders Scholarship @ University of Queensland– undergraduate and graduate scholarships for international students from selected countries in Asia and Europe to study at the University of Queensland in Australia within the faculty of business, economics and law (excluding the MBA). Follow these links for European, Malaysian, Taiwanese, Singaporean and Hong Kong students.</div>
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La Trobe Business School Masters Scholarships– international scholarships to study a selected master’s degree at La Trobe University’s business school in Australia. Including the Master of Management program.</div>
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New Zealand</div>
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International Business Masters Scholarships– merit-based scholarships for international students studying a business-related master’s degree (accounting, marketing, management etc.) at the University of Auckland’s business school in New Zealand. The dean of the school also offers a dedicated scholarship for Asian students, detailed here.</div>
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To study in Europe:</div>
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Netherlands</div>
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SBE International School Scholarship @ Maastricht University– undergraduate scholarships for non-EU/EEA students to study a bachelor’s program in business or economics at Maastricht University in the Netherlands.</div>
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Spain</div>
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Barcelona GSE Tuition Waivers and Scholarships – merit-based scholarships and tuition waivers for international students at the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics in Spain. Eligible programs include the 9-month master’s degree in economics, finance and data science.</div>
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UK</div>
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Business School Enterprise and Innovation Scholarship @ Newcastle University– business school scholarships for UK/EU students studying a selected master’s degree in innovation, entrepreneurship and business at Newcastle University in the UK.</div>
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Business School International MSc Scholarship- master’s degree business scholarships for students at the University of Hull’s business school in the UK.</div>
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Business School Latin American Scholarships @ University of Edinburgh– international scholarships for students from selected countries in Latin America to study a master’s degree at the University of Edinburgh Business School. Subjects include international business, banking, HR management, marketing and more.</div>
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Cardiff Business School India Scholarships– business school scholarships for Indian students undertaking a taught postgraduate degree at Cardiff University’s business school in Wales, UK.</div>
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Exeter World Class Business Student Scholarship @ Exeter University– graduate scholarships for business students studying a selected master’s program at Exeter University.</div>
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Graduate Business School Scholarships @ University of Aberdeen– various merit-based scholarships to study a graduate-level program at the University of Aberdeen’s business school. Open to UK and international students.</div>
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Scholarships @ Cass Business School– various scholarships for international students to study at City University London’s Cass Business School on an undergraduate program.</div>
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The Henley Business School Academic Excellence Scholarship– international business school scholarships for all undergraduate programs at the University of Reading’s Henley Business School.</div>
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TSYS Master Scholarship @York University – graduate scholarships for UK/EU master’s students of selected business and management programs at the University of York.</div>
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Undergraduate Scholarships @ Manchester Business School– various undergraduate scholarships for UK and international students to study at Manchester Business School. Emphasis on social responsibility. QS postgraduate scholarship also available at this school.</div>
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Warwick Business School Scholarships – master’s scholarships open to students at Warwick Business School on a wide range of FAME subjects, including finance and international business.</div>
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To study in North America:</div>
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Canada</div>
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EDC Youth Education Program for Canadians– international scholarships for Canadian students studying a business-related subject at undergraduate level in Canada.</div>
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US</div>
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ACFE Ritchie-Jennings Memorial Scholarship Program– scholarships for international students to study in the US on a degree related to the study of fraud. Accepted subjects include business administration, accounting, finance and criminal justice.</div>
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Buick Achievers Scholarship Program– undergraduate scholarships for business majors and STEM students in the US. US residents only.</div>
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Catching the Dream Scholarships– business scholarships for Native American students wishing to study at an accredited university in the US.</div>
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College of Business Study Abroad Scholarship @ Iowa State University– scholarships for business majors to fund their studies at Iowa State University in the US. Open to undergraduate and graduate students.</div>
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FWSF Scholarships – US scholarships for female students studying finance in the San Francisco Bay Area at undergraduate level.</div>
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GE/LNESC Scholarship– scholarships for minority students to study in the US at undergraduate level on a business or engineering program. Funded by GE.</div>
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Mark Beaumont Scholarship Fund– US scholarships for students interested in pursuing careers in interactive entertainment (e.g. video game development). Possible subjects of study include business, leadership, law, marketing and public relations.</div>
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Recognizing Exceptional Student Leaders – scholarships for business majors with leadership skills in the US to gain partial funding for their studies. Computer science and mathematics majors also eligible.</div>
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Entrepreneurship scholarships in the US</div>
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CEO of Tomorrow Scholarship– entrepreneurship scholarships for US students interested in careers in entrepreneurialism or business leadership. Open to students of all levels.</div>
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Grasshopper Entrepreneur Scholarship– undergraduate and graduate scholarships for student entrepreneurs in the US.</div>
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Greenpal Business Scholarship– business and entrepreneurship scholarships for business majors in the US to gain funding for a business venture. Students must be studying business, economics or finance.</div>
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Mckelvey Foundation Entrepreneurial Scholarship– US scholarships for entrepreneurial students who have started their own businesses.</div>
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NFIB Young Entrepreneur Awards – US scholarships for young entrepreneurs studying at undergraduate level.</div>
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Social Entrepreneurship Scholarships @ NYU – undergraduate scholarships for budding social entrepreneurs wishing to study in the US at New York University (NYU) on a related program.</div>
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Students with entrepreneurial experience and interests can also apply to the QS Leadership Scholarship, worth US$10,000 towards the costs of a postgraduate program, and exclusive to attendees of the QS World Grad School Tour. See the full list of QS Scholarships here.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-56443363987354740952015-04-22T20:50:00.000-07:002015-04-22T20:50:02.622-07:00Top Leadership Student Scholarships Around the World-2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Strong leaders are highly sought-after worldwide, and many universities pride themselves on nurturing the next generation of leaders, innovators and decision-makers. For this reason, leadership scholarships commonly offered; universities are keen to attract and support students who show leadership potential – as a way to nurture an innovative spirit on campus, as well as ensuring an alumni community full of impressive achievements.</div>
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<img alt="Leadership Scholarships Around the World main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/leadership_scholarships_around_the_world.jpg?itok=WmdwGkhy" width="600" /></div>
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See below for a selection of scholarships to support future leaders, for studies around the world.</div>
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GE Foundation Scholar-Leaders Program– international scholarships for students interested in honing their leadership skills during university studies in Canada, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Thailand or Vietnam.</div>
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Hinrich Global Trade Leader Scholarships– international scholarships for graduate students interested in studying business and leadership at master’s level at selected universities across Asia.</div>
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Jusoor Scholarship Programs– opportunities for Syrian students to gain leadership and academic scholarships to study in the US, Europe and the Middle East.</div>
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QS Leadership Scholarship for Postgraduate Studies – exclusive international postgraduate scholarship open to attendees of the QS World Grad School Tour who demonstrate leadership, to support the costs of a graduate program (excluding MBAs) anywhere in the world.</div>
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To study in Australia & New Zealand</div>
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Asia Pacific Leadership Program Scholarships– various international scholarships for aspiring leaders from within the Asia-Pacific region to study at selected institutions throughout the region.</div>
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To study in New Zealand:</div>
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Emerging Leaders’ Scholarship @ UC– merit-based scholarships for students from New Zealand or Australia with leadership potential to gain funding for study at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand.</div>
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To study in Australia:</div>
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Charlie Bell Scholarship for Future Leaders– scholarship program for McDonalds employees in Australia to further their studies in leadership and/or business at an accredited Australian university.</div>
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European Global Leaders Scholarship @ University of Queensland– merit-based scholarships for European students to study at the University of Queensland in Australia in the faculty of business, economics and law on a master’s degree program (excluding the MBA).</div>
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Future Leaders Scholarships for International Students @ Deakin University– international scholarships for students with leadership potential to study at Deakin University in Australia on selected undergraduate business-related programs.</div>
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Engineering leadership Scholarships @ The University of Sydney – undergraduate scholarships for engineering students with leadership potential at the University of Sydney in Australia.</div>
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International Leadership Scholarship @ Monash University– undergraduate and graduate scholarships for students showing leadership potential at Monash University in Australia.</div>
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Queer Leaders Scholarship @ Monash University– more merit-based scholarships from Monash University, open to all LGBTQ students active in promoting inclusivity and awareness of gender and sexuality.</div>
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Vice-Chancellor’s Leadership Scholarship @ UWS – undergraduate scholarships for new students at the University of Western Sydney in Australia, to gain funding for studies and access to ‘The Academy’ – UWS’s leadership center.</div>
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To study in Europe</div>
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EMLYON Business School Entrepreneurial Scholarship – exclusive scholarship for attendees of the QS World Grad School Tour to gain funding for study at EMLYON Business School on the European Master in Management Program.</div>
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To study in Germany:</div>
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German Chancellor Fellowship for Tomorrow’s Leaders– scholarships open to students from Brazil, China, Russia and the US to study in Germany at an accredited university. Leadership experience is a must.</div>
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To study in the UK:</div>
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Future Leaders Scholarships @ RHUL– scholarships for EU and home students with leadership potential to study at Royal Holloway University of London in the UK at undergraduate and master’s level.</div>
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Global Leaders Scholarships – graduate scholarships for international students interested in the development of the emerging world and wishing to study a master’s degree at the University of Cambridge.</div>
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Lalji LSE PfAL Scholarship Programme @ LSE– academic scholarships for African students with leadership potential studying at the London School of Economics (LSE) on a related master’s degree program.</div>
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Leadership and Emerging Leaders’ Scholarships– UK scholarships for nurses, midwives and health professionals to gain funding for leadership development in the UK. Funded by the Florence Nightingale Foundation.</div>
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Weidenfeld-Hoffmann Scholarship and Leadership Programme @ University of Oxford– international development, conservation and environmental management graduate scholarships for students from certain developing countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East to study at the University of Oxford in the UK on a related graduate program.</div>
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To study in North America</div>
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To study in Canada:</div>
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Entrance Leadership Scholarship Competition @ University of Alberta– undergraduate scholarships from the University of Alberta in Canada, open to new students showing academic ability and leadership potential.</div>
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Nelson Civic Leadership Scholarship– scholarships for Canadian students with an interest in community development and leadership wishing to gain funding to study at undergraduate level at a Canadian university.</div>
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Schulich Leader Scholarships– undergraduate scholarships for leading students in STEM fields at accredited Canadian universities.</div>
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TD Scholarships for Community Leadership– scholarships for Canadian students involved in community development, human rights, politics, youth engagement or social work to gain funding to study at universities across Canada.</div>
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To study in the US:</div>
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ACACIA Leadership Scholarship @ Iowa State University– undergraduate scholarships for students at Iowa State University, US, who demonstrate academic ability and extracurricular community involvement.</div>
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Coca-Cola Scholars Program – merit-based scholarships for US students to gain funding for undergraduate study in the US.</div>
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Comcast Youth Education & Leadership Scholarships – undergraduate scholarships for US students to gain funding for university and to get involved in community development and leadership.</div>
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Emerging Global Leader Scholarship @ AU – scholarships for international students with an interest in leadership and development to study at American University in Washington DC.</div>
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Emirates Leadership Initiative Fellowship @ Harvard University– US scholarships for outstanding students from the UAE and Arab countries to study at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government (Center for Public Leadership).</div>
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Global Leaders Need-Based Scholarships– need-based scholarships for international students with an interest in leadership, to study in the US.</div>
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Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes– leadership scholarships open to US citizens who show potential for making a positive difference in their community and/or environment.</div>
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Hunt Leadership Scholars Program @ SMU– need-based scholarships for students displaying leadership potential at Southern Methodist University in the US.</div>
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Leadership 1000 Scholarship– for US students studying in Washington State.</div>
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National Student Leadership Scholarship @ NC State– offered by North Carolina State University in the US, open to students involved in ongoing leadership activities.</div>
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Posse Foundation Scholarships– academic scholarships for students from underrepresented backgrounds in the US to gain funding for university and to develop their leadership potential.</div>
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Presidential Leadership Scholarship– non-degree scholarship to hone leadership skills on a six-month program in Washington DC.</div>
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Stamps Leadership Scholarships– various opportunities to gain funding to study at select universities in the US and outside.</div>
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The Leadership Award @ UC Berkeley– one scholarship offered yearly to high-achieving undergraduate students with leadership potential at the University of California, Berkeley.</div>
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The Texas Lyceum Leadership Scholarship– undergraduate scholarships for young Texans with leadership ability wishing to study in Texas.</div>
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To study in the Middle East</div>
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MEPI Tomorrow’s Leaders Scholarship Program– open to motivated students from underrepresented communities in the Middle East and North Africa to gain funding to attend a reputed university in the Middle East.</div>
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Arab Women Professionals Fellowship Program (AWPP) @ The American University in Cairo – leadership scholarships for women from the Middle East and Egypt to study at the American University in Cairo on a selected program (e.g. women’s studies, law, politics, public administration). Work experience and demonstrable leadership skills required.</div>
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If you haven’t found what you’re looking for, you should make sure to search the website of the university or business school you want to study at, to find out what funding opportunities are available. For more advice on how to find scholarships and how to apply, please see our <a href="http://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/scholarship-advice/scholarship-applications-frequently-asked-questions" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Scholarship Applications: FAQ.</a></div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2139151300977004180.post-52647069402408477302015-04-22T20:46:00.000-07:002015-04-22T20:46:01.223-07:00Top Chances of Finding University Graduate Jobs Online in US<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A new report from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce (CEW), published today, highlights the US states and sectors offering the best chances of finding graduate jobs online. Massachusetts, Delaware and Washington State emerge as the states with the most favorable online graduate job markets – though federal district Washington DC trumps all three – while STEM, managerial and professional office, and healthcare technical and professional jobs are identified as the graduate roles with highest demand being advertised online.</div>
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<img alt="US Report: Best Chances of Finding Graduate Jobs Online main image" src="http://www.topuniversities.com/sites/default/files/styles/lead_article_image/public/articles/lead-images/job_search_online.jpg?itok=h7SA4Qdk" width="600" /></div>
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Titled States Online College Job Market: Ranking the States, this report follows CEW’s earlier publication, The Online College Labor Market. The center estimates that 60-70% of jobs in the US are now advertised online, with nearly 4 million unique job advertisements posted online each quarter. Some 80-90% of jobs requiring at least a bachelor’s degree are advertised online, compared to 50% of jobs which don’t require a degree. Three out of every five online job adverts are for either managerial or professional office roles, or for jobs in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).</div>
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The center also highlights the benefits of hunting for jobs online; overall, it reports that those who search for jobs online find a position 25% more quickly than those who don’t.</div>
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Which US states offer the best chances of finding graduate jobs online?</div>
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The report analyses the number of graduate jobs advertised online in each state, relative to the number of graduate workers in the area. This is used to calculate the US states offering the best chances of finding graduate jobs online, relative to the national average. Massachusetts comes top of this list, followed by Delaware (which boasts a high concentration of corporate headquarters) and Washington State (home to tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon).</div>
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Also above the national average on this measure of graduate job prospects are: Colorado, Alaska, Arizona, Oregon, Minnesota, Texas, Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, North Carolina, Michigan and Virginia.</div>
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But in fact the most favorable location for finding graduate jobs online is not a state at all; it’s the federal district, Washington DC. Thanks largely to the presence of the federal government and many international organizations, DC’s ratio of graduate jobs advertised online per university-educated worker is three times the national average, far higher than any individual state.</div>
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Which sectors are advertising most graduate jobs online?</div>
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The report also analyses the employment sectors and roles offering most favorable prospects for university graduates, again based on the number of jobs advertised online per graduate worker. The STEM sector is found to offer the best prospects for university graduates, offering the highest number of online job adverts per 100 graduate workers. Also above the national average are managerial and professional office jobs, as well as professional and technical healthcare roles. Meanwhile, the most competitive sectors are healthcare support, education, and roles in food and personal services.</div>
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Within each employment sector, CEW identifies the states currently offering the most favorable graduate job prospects. For those seeking managerial and professional occupations, the highest concentrations of online job adverts are for roles based in Massachusetts, Delaware, Washington, California, New Jersey and New York. Those looking for STEM roles are advised to head for Delaware, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio or Oregon, for the best chances of finding a graduate job online.</div>
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Best US states for finding graduate jobs online</div>
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Based on the States Online College Job Market report</div>
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Employment sector</div>
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Top US states for finding graduate jobs online</div>
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Managerial and professional office</div>
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Massachusetts, Delaware, Washington, California, New Jersey, New York</div>
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STEM</div>
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Delaware, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oregon</div>
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Sales and office support</div>
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Montana, Massachusetts, Idaho, Washington, Delaware</div>
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Healthcare professional and technical</div>
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Alaska, Montana, New Mexico, Washington, Colorado</div>
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Education</div>
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South Dakota, Vermont, Maine, Alaska, Massachusetts</div>
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Community services and the arts</div>
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Delaware, Washington, Kansas, Nebraska, Massachusetts</div>
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Overall, roles in consulting and business services account for for the highest number of online adverts for jobs in the US, making up 23% of all online job adverts. Particularly high-demand professional roles include accountancy and auditing, and medical/health services management. In the STEM sector, notably high numbers of online job adverts are reported for applications software developers and computer systems analysts.</div>
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Purbita D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06603507248041961451noreply@blogger.com0